AP PSYCH UNIT 6 conditioning

Question 1

● What is learning?

Answer 1

Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to the experience

Question 2

What is associative learning?

Answer 2

Learning that certain events occur together

Question 3

● Who introduced the term of Behaviorism?

Answer 3

John B. Watson

Question 4

Who is the figure most associated with the development of classical conditioning?

Answer 4

Ivan pavlov

Question 5

Classical conditioning is based on the discovery of learning through the ________of two stimuli

Answer 5

Pairing

Question 6

What did Pavlov discover during his studies of salivary response that caused him to conduct his studies in classical conditioning?

Answer 6

The dog began salivating at more things over time

Question 7

What was Pavlov criticized for ignoring?

Answer 7

ignores the role of free will in people’s behavioral responses.

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 8

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response

Question 9

Unconditioned response

Answer 9

Unlearned, naturally recurring response

Question 10

Conditioned stimulus( the bell)

Answer 10

a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

Question 11

Conditioned response( salavating)

Answer 11

Originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

ability to distinguish between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli( the distinct bell tone and other similar tones)

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 15

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 15

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response( a dog learns to sit when given food, when not given they don’t sit, few days later trainer gives food again, dog sits again)

Question 16

Give some examples of learning that illustrates the involvement/importance of cognitive processes.

Answer 16

acquisition is the linking of a response and a neutral stimulus. Extinction is the loss of a conditioned response.

Question 17

What associations are animals most likely to make?

Answer 17

Poon/rotting causes stomachache

Question 18

What types of aversions or ears are most likely to be learned

Answer 18

Loud noises, rotting food, and bad smells

Question 19

What was shown in the research by Garcia and Koelling?

Answer 19

animals associate neutral stimuli to responses to hours apart

Question 20

Who is John Watson, and what was his famous research experiment? What did he believe the focus of psychology should be?

Answer 20

Little Albert, scientific observable behavio

Question 21

What controls human behavior according to Skinner?

Answer 21

operant conditioning as animals

Question 22

What is the Law of Effect and who introduced the concept?

Answer 22

Thorndike’s principle that behavior followed by a satisfying result was most likely to be repeated again

Question 23

What is operant conditioning? How is it different from classical conditioning?

Answer 23

classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus while operant conditioning associates voluntary action

Question 24

Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?

Answer 24

BF skinner

Question 25

what is a skinner box? what is another term for it?

Answer 25

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain/water reinforcer; also known as operant

Chamb

Question 26

What is reinforcement?

Answer 26

A reinforcer is any event that strengthens the behavior it follows It increases a behavior

Question 27

What are primary and secondary reinforcers?

Answer 27

primary- reinforcer is a biological stimulus causing involuntary reflex while secondary- reinforcer is a conditioned stimulus causing learned behavior

Question 28

what is the difference between positve and negative reinforcement?

Answer 28

Positive: A stimulus resented after a behavior that increases that behavior

Negative- any stimulus that when removed after a response Increases the frequency of that behavior.

Negative reinforcement is not a punishment

Question 29

What is punishment and how does it differ from reinforcement?

Answer 29

An aversive event that DECREASES the behavior it follows while reinforcement increases the behavior

Question 30

What is more successful in parenting, the use of reinforcement or punishment?

Answer 30

Reinforcement, often times punishment only leads to unwanted fears, causes aggression to the parent

Question 31

Fixed Interval
Variable Interval

Answer 31

-Fixed-interval reinforces after a specified time elapsed (TACO TUESDAY)
-Variable interval reinforced at unpredictable time intervals (pop quiz)

Question 32

-Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ratio

Answer 32

-Fixed ratio reinforces after a specific number of responses (A weekly paycheck)
-Variable- ratio reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machines)

Question 33

What is the difference between immediate and delayed reinforcers? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the various reinforcement schedules?

Answer 33

immediate reinforcer- occurs instantly after a behavior ex a rat gets a food pallet for pressing a bar
there is a delay between the time behavior is performed and the reinforcer is received
We tend to be more motivated by immediate reinforcement

Question 34

What is shaping and how is it accomplished? What are successive approximations?

Answer 34

Shaping is the operant conditioning process in which reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired target behavior through successive approximations (an incomplete behavior is rewarded and moves an operant conditioning subject closer to a desired goal.)

Question 35

What was skinner criticized for discounting?

Answer 35

Though he believed in inner thought processes and biological underpinnings skinner was criticized for discounting them in his research

Question 36

Cognitive Maps

Answer 36

a mental representation of one’s physical environment.

Question 37

o Latent Learning

Answer 37

Learning that remains hidden until an incentive is given untill needed

Question 38

What is intrinsic motivation and how does it differ from extrinsic motivation?

Answer 38

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake( i love something because i love it ie just love the sport)
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment(i.e money can be a motivation)

Question 39

What is learned helplessness and how does it relate to locus of control?

Answer 39

• a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment(i.e money can be a motivation)

Question 40

Who is Albert Bandura and what famous research study is he responsible for?

Answer 40

Bandura’s bobo doll study in 1961 indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments.

Question 41

What is observational learning?

Answer 41

the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others

Question 42

What is modeling?

Answer 42

idea of learning to imitate others by observing their behavior

Question 43

What are mirror neurons?

Answer 43

Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.