AP PSYCH UNIT 6 conditioning Flashcards
● What is learning?
Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to the experience
What is associative learning?
Learning that certain events occur together
● Who introduced the term of Behaviorism?
John B. Watson
Who is the figure most associated with the development of classical conditioning?
Ivan pavlov
Classical conditioning is based on the discovery of learning through the ________of two stimuli
Pairing
What did Pavlov discover during his studies of salivary response that caused him to conduct his studies in classical conditioning?
The dog began salivating at more things over time
What was Pavlov criticized for ignoring?
ignores the role of free will in people’s behavioral responses.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response
Unconditioned response
Unlearned, naturally recurring response
Conditioned stimulus( the bell)
a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned response( salavating)
Originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response
Generalization
the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
ability to distinguish between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli( the distinct bell tone and other similar tones)
Extinction
diminishing of a conditioned response
Spontaneous Recovery
the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response( a dog learns to sit when given food, when not given they don’t sit, few days later trainer gives food again, dog sits again)
Give some examples of learning that illustrates the involvement/importance of cognitive processes.
acquisition is the linking of a response and a neutral stimulus. Extinction is the loss of a conditioned response.
What associations are animals most likely to make?
Poon/rotting causes stomachache
What types of aversions or ears are most likely to be learned
Loud noises, rotting food, and bad smells
What was shown in the research by Garcia and Koelling?
animals associate neutral stimuli to responses to hours apart
Who is John Watson, and what was his famous research experiment? What did he believe the focus of psychology should be?
Little Albert, scientific observable behavio
What controls human behavior according to Skinner?
operant conditioning as animals
What is the Law of Effect and who introduced the concept?
Thorndike’s principle that behavior followed by a satisfying result was most likely to be repeated again
What is operant conditioning? How is it different from classical conditioning?
classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus while operant conditioning associates voluntary action
Who developed the theory of operant conditioning?
BF skinner
what is a skinner box? what is another term for it?
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain/water reinforcer; also known as operant
Chamb
What is reinforcement?
A reinforcer is any event that strengthens the behavior it follows It increases a behavior
What are primary and secondary reinforcers?
primary- reinforcer is a biological stimulus causing involuntary reflex while secondary- reinforcer is a conditioned stimulus causing learned behavior
what is the difference between positve and negative reinforcement?
Positive: A stimulus resented after a behavior that increases that behavior
Negative- any stimulus that when removed after a response Increases the frequency of that behavior.
Negative reinforcement is not a punishment
What is punishment and how does it differ from reinforcement?
An aversive event that DECREASES the behavior it follows while reinforcement increases the behavior
What is more successful in parenting, the use of reinforcement or punishment?
Reinforcement, often times punishment only leads to unwanted fears, causes aggression to the parent
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval
-Fixed-interval reinforces after a specified time elapsed (TACO TUESDAY)
-Variable interval reinforced at unpredictable time intervals (pop quiz)
-Fixed Ratio
- Variable Ratio
-Fixed ratio reinforces after a specific number of responses (A weekly paycheck)
-Variable- ratio reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses (slot machines)
What is the difference between immediate and delayed reinforcers? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the various reinforcement schedules?
immediate reinforcer- occurs instantly after a behavior ex a rat gets a food pallet for pressing a bar
there is a delay between the time behavior is performed and the reinforcer is received
We tend to be more motivated by immediate reinforcement
What is shaping and how is it accomplished? What are successive approximations?
Shaping is the operant conditioning process in which reinforcers guide behavior toward the desired target behavior through successive approximations (an incomplete behavior is rewarded and moves an operant conditioning subject closer to a desired goal.)
What was skinner criticized for discounting?
Though he believed in inner thought processes and biological underpinnings skinner was criticized for discounting them in his research
Cognitive Maps
a mental representation of one’s physical environment.
o Latent Learning
Learning that remains hidden until an incentive is given untill needed
What is intrinsic motivation and how does it differ from extrinsic motivation?
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake( i love something because i love it ie just love the sport)
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment(i.e money can be a motivation)
What is learned helplessness and how does it relate to locus of control?
- a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment(i.e money can be a motivation)
Who is Albert Bandura and what famous research study is he responsible for?
Bandura’s bobo doll study in 1961 indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments.
What is observational learning?
the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others
What is modeling?
idea of learning to imitate others by observing their behavior
What are mirror neurons?
Neuroscientists discovered mirror neurons in the brains of animals and humans that are active during observational learning.
