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AP PSYCHOLOGY > AP PSYCH UNIT 4 FLAHSH CARDS > Flashcards

AP PSYCH UNIT 4 FLAHSH CARDS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sensation

A
  • The process that occurs when special receptors on sensory organs are activated - becomes neural signals in the brain.
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2
Q

Top down vs bottom up processing

A

Bottom up - is the analysis of the more minor features to build up to a complete perception.
Top-down processing- the use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole using our experience knowledge and memory to make meaning out of sensory input

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3
Q

absolute threshold

A

The absolute minimum we can see or hear

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4
Q

difference threshold

A

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection is 50% of the time, Aka a noticeable difference

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5
Q

How might these thresholds vary from person to person

A

Our ability is influenced by experiences, expectations, and psychological state.

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6
Q

What is signal detection theory? How does the theory explain the differing perceptions of pain

A

The theory seeks to predict when we will successfully detect a weak stimulus. reacting no stimulus.
There is a threshold we have to pass to detect pain

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7
Q

Explain the just noticeable difference and webers law

A

Webers, law the stimuli must differ by a constant apportion not an amount for the difference to be noticed

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8
Q

What is sensory adaptation? What occurs to ouyr ability to detect sensory stimuli after prolonged exposure, examples for senses

A

Sensory adaption-Our sensitivity to stimulus diminishes as a sequence of constant stimulation
Sight is different because eyes are constantly moveing

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9
Q

What is transduction

A

the process by which one form of energy is converted into another.

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10
Q

Perception

A

the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment is - interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion,( he way you think about or understand someone or something)

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11
Q

What is selective attention? what is the benefit of this characterisic of our sensory abilities?

A

Focusing of conscious on a particular stimulus excluding other sensory information allows people to have more focus on task relevant information

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12
Q

What is change blindness

A

The concept that we don’t notice changes after interruption’s to the visual field

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13
Q

What is a perceptual set understand how our knowledge experiences, expectation’s influence the way in which we interpret sensory stimuli

A

A mental predisposition to see things in a certain way, Prevents us from accurately perceiving the truth
Influenced by your experiences, assumptions, and expectations.

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14
Q

What is a schema? How does it help us interpret vague sensory information?

A

Schemas can describe how specific knowledge is organized and stored in memory so that it can be accessed and used when it is needed., allows us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information

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15
Q

What is the context effect? Why does the same stimulus produce different percetion in different situations. - relate to top-down processing

A

The context of a stimulus influence the way we interpret information, therefore the same stimulus can evoke different perceptions in different situations.(motivation nd emotion affects the way we interpret a stimulus.
The context or circumstance in which an event or object being perceived can influence what we expect to find in the situation.

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16
Q

What is ESP, why is it not respected in the scientific world

A

ESP- extrasensory perception(sixth sense).
Parapsychology - paranormal studies.
Not respected because psychics predictions are seldom true, and many are vague and general

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17
Q

What kinds of energy do eyes detect? what do the frequency and amplitude of waves determine?

A

Visible lightwaves,
Amplitude- describes the power of the wave, which is representing by the height of sound wave
Frequency- the speed of the wave.(distance between start and end of each wave)

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18
Q

What are the photoreceptors that detect light in the retina and what do they ach detect specifically?

A

Cones- Provide the detail and color (doesn’t work in low light)
rods- Detect black white and gray(works in low light conditions)

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19
Q

Explain bipolar and ganglion cells function.- What order do the cells come in

A

bipolar- collects light photoreceptor signals to the outer retinal and signals to the inner retina
Ganglion- provides info important for detecting shape and movement for objects.

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20
Q

Young helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

-The retina contains different cones each sensitive to a different color, receptive to a different wave length->combined produces a wide array of colors

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21
Q

Opponent process theory- which complementary colors compete against each other - how does the theory relate the seeing afterimages

A

Made to answer lingering questions about color vision. proposes that one member of the color pair suppresses the other color
When looking at a color for a long period, it causes receptor cells to be tired. Causes weak signals, thus the perception of opposing colors

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22
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

Processing different visual stimuli simultaneously, depth, movement, and front

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23
Q

What is color blindness?

A

occurs when there is a problem with pigmentation in certain nerves that sense color

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24
Q

Who are Hubel and Weasel? What did their work focus on? Understand their discovery

A

Feature detector neurons in the occipital lobe primary visual cortex are specialized to respond to specific features of visual stimuli such as shape orientation or movement
( some neurons were only responsive to information that came from a single eye).

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25
Q

What is Gestalt psychology? what is its key principal?

A

A movement in psychology- emphasized our tendency to intergrade pieces of information into a meaningful whole

26
Q

Proximity and similarity

A

proximity- nearness
Similarity- likeness

27
Q

Continuity and connectedness

A

continuity-smooth patterns
Connectedness- we can see connections in disjointed objects

28
Q

Closure

A

The concept that we tend to fill in blanks to perceive a complete object

29
Q

Define depth perception

A

The ability to see things in three dimension’s(length, witeth, depth, and judge how far away an object is

30
Q

Eplain the visual cliff experiment. What does the device test for? WHat are the findings of the research?

A

Elanor givson and richard walk, tested on babies and animals. Used a half cutten table
Tests depth perception to understand the babies and animals take on depth perception.
-Resulted on the idea the Depth perception is partially innate.

31
Q

Retinal disparity

A

We tend to note differences between the images detected in each eye, to calculate distance

32
Q

Convergence

A

The idea that we detect tention in oyr eyes as they turn inward t veiw objects.- Also allows us to determine distance

33
Q

Relative size

A

closer obkects appear larger

34
Q

Interpostition

A

Closer objects block the objects further away (you know that your keyboard is closer than your desk because you see the desk around the keyboard.)

35
Q

Realative clarity

A

Closer obkects appear mopre clearly

36
Q

Texture gradient

A

texture is more coarse(rought) and detailed up close

37
Q

Relative hight

A

Objects higher in ur visual field are perceived as further away and objects lower than our field are closer

38
Q

Motion parallax

A

Objects closer appear to move faster than objects that are further.- as we move statinary objects seem to move with us.

39
Q

Linear perspective

A

Parrallel lines appear to meet at a distance

40
Q

Light and shadow

A

Nearby objects reflect more light so dimmer objects seem further away

41
Q

Size

A

The ability to perceive an object frm distances and be able to recognize it

42
Q

Shape

A

The ability to perceive that a shape remains the same

43
Q

lightness

A

The anility to percieve the relative reflectance of objects

44
Q

Color

A

To percieve colors as relatively cnstant over varying illuminations

45
Q

Perceptual adaptin

A

The ability of the body to adopt to an eniviroment by filtering out distractions

46
Q

Pinna & malleus

A

Pinna- collects sound waves and channels them
Malleus- transfers auditory oscillations(the rhythmic and/or repetitive electrical activity generated spontaneously and in response to stimuli )

47
Q

Catilage& temporal bone

A

cartilage- maiontains the shape of your ears
Temporal bone- houses cockles, canals, and hearing organs

48
Q

Cochlea& ear canal

A

Cochlea- recieves sounds
Ear canal- entryway for soundwaves

49
Q

ear drums& semi circlar canals

A

sends vibrations to inner ear
helps keep balance in the body

50
Q

naspharynx
Vesticular nerve

A

Connects nasal passage to respititory system
Handles balace and equillibrium

51
Q

How are sound waves converted into neural impulses? understand the stuctures of the cochlea and how they function

A

Waves are created throught auditory stimului and particles through the air

52
Q

What are two theories regarding our perception of pitch

A

place theory
Frequency theory

53
Q

Explain the different types of deafness and possible treatments

A

Conduction- damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound wave
Sensorineural- Damage to cochlea’s receptor cells

54
Q

how do we detect the location of sound? Why might moving you head help you determine where a sound is coming from?

A

Our ears are able to detect miniute differences in the stimulus that reaches each ear
it helps Because soundwaves hit the closest ear sooner, and is slightly louder

55
Q

Explain the gate theory. What are the types of stimuli that might provide competing signals that block pain messages

A

A mechanism, in the spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceieved pin, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself.

56
Q

What kind of stimuli is being detected– taste

A

A chemical stimuli

57
Q

what is sensory interaction

A

The intergration of sensory processes wehen performing a task

58
Q

Smell- doesn’t go with the thalamus, what is Olfaction

A

A sense of smell we use to process external stimuli

59
Q

How do we detect smells? what kinda of stimuli is being detected

A

Detected by a ample number of sensory receptors in the top of the nasal caviety
A chemical stimuli

60
Q

What is kinethesis and where are the recptor cells located

A

Our sense of body position and movement, inner ear

61
Q

what is our vestibular sense? What is the role of the semicircular canals in the balance

A

Vestibular sense- the sense of body movement asnd position, provides a sense of balance

62
Q

explain how the biopsychosocial model applies to pain

A

It describes pain to have all three components biological, psychological, and social

AP PSYCHOLOGY (5 decks)

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