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A&P > AP II Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

AP II Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels

A

Delivery system of dynamic structures that begins & ends at heart

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2
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

Oxygenated (EXCEPT for pulmonary circulation & umbilical vessels)

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels
Diameters so small only 1 RBC can pass through lumen at a time (single file)

Direct contact with tissue cells

Directly serve cellular needs (gas & nutrient/waste exchange)

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4
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood toward heart

Deoxygenated (EXCEPT pulmonary circulation & umbilical vessels)

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5
Q

Elastic arteries

A

“Conducting arteries”: conduct blood from heart to medium sized vessels

Thick-walled
Large + low-resistance lumen

Includes:
Aorta & major branches

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6
Q

Muscular arteries

A

“Distributing arteries”: deliver blood to body organs

Thickest tunica media (more smooth muscle)

Active vasoconstriction

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7
Q

Arterioles

A

“Resistance arteries”: change diameters to change resistance to blood flow

Smallest arteries

Control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation & vasoconstriction (smooth muscle)

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8
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Least permeable (tight junctions) & most common

Pinocytotic vesicles ferry fluid across endothelial cell

Found in:
Skin
Muscles
Lungs
CNS (BBB)

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9
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Large fenestrations (pores) in endothelium increase permeability

Occur in areas of active filtration/absorption & areas of endocrine hormone secretion

Found in:
Kidney
Small intestine

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10
Q

Sinusoid capillaries

A

Most permeable

Large intercellular clefts, fenestrations, & few tight junctions
Incomplete basement membranes

Allow large molecules & cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) to pass across walls

Found in:
Liver
Bone marrow
Spleen
Adrenal medulla

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11
Q

Capillary bed

A

Interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles & venules

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12
Q

Microcirculation

A

Flow of blood through bed

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13
Q

2 types of vessels that make up capillary bed:

A

Vascular shunt: channel that connects arteriole directly with venule

True capillaries: actual vessels involved in exchange

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14
Q

Veins

A

“Capacitance vessels”: act as blood reservoirs & contain up to 65% of blood supply

Carry blood toward heart

Under lower blood pressure than arteries

Formed when venules converge

Thinner walls & larger lumens compared to arteries (make veins good storage vessels)

Thin tunica media
Thick tunica externa

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15
Q

Adaptations of veins that ensure return of blood to heart:

A

Venous valves: prevent back-flow/pooling of blood

Venous sinuses

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16
Q

Venules

A

Smaller veins

Capillaries unite to form postcapillary venules

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17
Q

Blood pressure (BP)

A

Force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood (as result of heartbeat)

Measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near heart

Pressure gradient provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

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18
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

Opposition to flow

Measurement of amount of friction blood encounters with vessel walls

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19
Q

3 sources of resistance:

A

1) Blood viscosity: thickness/stickiness due to formed elements & plasma proteins
Greater viscosity = increased resistance

2) Total blood vessel length:
Longer vessel = greater resistance encountered

3) Blood vessel diameter:
Radius increases = resistance decreases

20
Q

Where is systemic pressure highest?

A

Aorta

Declines throughout pathway
Steepest drop occurs in arterioles

21
Q

2 factors that determine arterial BP:

A

1) Elasticity (compliance/distensibility) of arteries close to heart

2) Volume of blood forced into them at any time

22
Q

What does it mean for BP to be pulsatile?

A

BP rises/fall with each heartbeat

BP near heart is pulsatile

23
Q

Venous BP

A

Small pressure gradient (~15 mmHg)

Low pressure due to cumulative effects of peripheral resistance

Blood oozes out slowly if vein severed

24
Q

Functional adaptations for venous BP:

A

1) Muscular pump: contraction of skeletal muscles “milk” blood back toward heart

2) Respiratory pump: pressure changes during breathing move blood toward heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand

3) Sympathetic venoconstriction: smooth muscles constrict to push blood back toward heart
(under sympathetic control)

25
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Pressure that propels blood to tissues

Declines with increasing distance from heart

diastolic pressure + (1/3)(pulse pressure)

26
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

Sounds medical personnel listen for when taking BP

27
Q

Coordinated heartbeat is a function of:

A

1) Presence of gap junctions (direct protein connections between cells)

2) Intrinsic cardiac conduction system: network of noncontracile (autorhythmic) cells that initiate + distribute impulses to coordinate depolarization & contraction

28
Q

Intrinsic control

A

Control is entirely from within tissue/organ

Uses paracrine or properties of muscle tissue

AKA: autoregulation or local control

29
Q

Extrinsic control

A

Control is from outside of tissue/organ

Uses nerves/hormones

30
Q

Examples where intrinsic & extrinsic control BOTH occur (work together):

A

1) Stroke volume (total amount of blood pumped from ventricle into systemic circulation)

2) Arteriolar diameter (vasoconstriction/dilation - regulates BP)

3) Glomerular filtration (kidneys)

31
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

Detects electrical currents generated by heart

32
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

A

Graphic recording of electrical activity

Composite of ALL action potentials at a given time (NOT tracing of single AP)

33
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Blood flow through heart during 1 complete heartbeat

Atrial systole & diastole followed by ventricular systole & diastole

Series of pressure & blood volume changes

Electrical events PRECEDE mechanical events

34
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

Volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 min

Normal = ~5.25 L/min

CO = HR x stroke volume

35
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

Volume of blood pumped out by 1 ventricle with each beat

36
Q

3 main factors affecting SV:

A

1) Preload: degree of stretch of heart muscle (affected by venous return)

2) Contractility: contractile strength at given muscle length (increased Ca2+ & positive inotropic agents increase contractility)

3) Afterload: back pressure exerted by arterial blood (normal aortic pressure = 80 mmHg; pulmonary trunk pressure = 10 mmHg)

37
Q

Tachycardia

A
38
Q

Pulse

A

Rhythmical throbbing caused by regular contraction & alternate expansion of artery as wave of blood passes through vessel (as result of each heartbeat)

39
Q

ST elevation & ST depression

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

May be due to LV hypertrophy, pericarditis, & cardiac ischemia

40
Q

Tall QRS complexes

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

Due to hypertrophy, abnormal pacemaker, aberrant HR

41
Q

1st degree heart block

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

Slow/delayed electrical conduction from atria to ventricles

42
Q

2nd degree heart block

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

Failure of AV node to conduct electrical impulses from atria to ventricles

43
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

Uncoordinated contraction of myocardium (heart quiver)

44
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Functional blood supply to heart muscle itself (receives 1/20 of body’s blood supply)

Shortest circulation in body

Delivered when heart is relaxed

LV receives most of coronary blood supply

45
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange & returns it to heart

46
Q

Systemic circuit

A

Supplies oxygenated blood to every organ of body

A&P (4 decks)

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