AP Gov Ch 5 Semia Sims Flashcards
Harriet Tubman
Born a slave in Maryland in the early 1820s, Tubman escaped to freedom and became a conductor on the Underground Railroad
abolitionist
A supporter, especially in the early nineteenth century, of ending the institution of slavery
civil rights
The government-protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals
equal protection clause
Section of the Fourteenth Amendment that guarantees that all citizens receive ¨equal protection of the laws¨
Frederick Douglass
A former slave born in the early 1800s who became a leading abolitionist, writer, and suffregist
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who organized the Seneca Falls Convention
Lucretia Mott
Leading nineteenth-century feminist, suffragist, and abolitionist who organized the Seneca Falls Convention
Seneca Falls Convention
The first major feminist meeting, held in New York State in 1848, which produced the Declaration of Sentiments
Dred Scott v Sandford (1857)
A Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved African American
Emancipation Proclamation
President Abraham Lincoln issued this proclamation on January 1, 1863, in the third year of the Civil War
Thirteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically bans slavery in the United States
Fourteenth Amendment
One of three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all U.S. citizens
Fifteenth Amendment
One of the three major amendments ratified after the Civil War; specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves
Susan B Anthony
19th century feminist, suffragist, and founder of the national women’s suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Civil rights act of 1875
Passed by Congress to enforce the 14th amendment guarantees equal protection to African-Americans. Granted equal access to public accommodations among other provisions
Jim Crow laws
Laws enacted by southern states that required segregation in public schools, theaters, hotels, and other public accommodations
Poll taxes
Taxes leveled in many southern states and localities that had to be paid before an eligible voter could cast a ballot
Grandfather clause
Voter qualification provision in many southern states that allowed only those citizens who grandfathers had voted before reconstruction to vote unless they passed a wealth or literacy test
Progressive era 1890-1920
A period of widespread activism to reform political, economic, and social ills in the United States
Plessy v Ferguson 1896
Supreme court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites; the court found that separate but equal accommodations did not violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment
Separate but equal doctrine
The central tenet of the Plessy V Ferguson decision that claimed that is separate accommodations for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution. This doctrine was used by southern states to pass widespread discriminatory legislation at the end of the 19th century
National Association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)
An important rights organization founded in 1909 to post segregation, racism, and voting rights violations are targeted against African-Americans
National American woman suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Organization created by joining the national and American women suffrage Association
Suffrage movement
The drive for voting rights for women that took place in the United States in the 19th and early 20th century until ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920
National woman’s party (NWP)
A militant suffrage organization founded in the early 20th century. Members of the NWP were arrested, jailed and even force fed by authorities when they went on a hunger strike to secure voting rights for women
19th amendment
Amendment to the constitution passed in the 1920s that guaranteed women the right to vote
NAACP legal defense and educational fund (LDF)
The legal arm of the NAACP that successfully litigated the landmark case of Brown versus board of education and the host of other key civil rights cases
Thurgood Marshall
A leading civil rights lawyer and the first head of the NAACP legal defense and educational fund. Marshall was the first African-American appointed to the Supreme Court and served on the court from 1967 until 1991
Harry S Truman
The 33rd president, a Democrat, who served from 1945 until 1953. Truman became president when Franklin D Roosevelt died in office; he led the United States through the end of the World War II and the start of the cold war
Brown V Board of Education 1954
US Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the 14th amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law
Dwight D Eisenhower
The 34th president, a Republican, who served from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower commanded allied forces during World War II
Rosa parks
A leading civil rights activist of the 20th century. Parks was the most notably involved with the Montgomery bus boycott
Martin Luther King Jr
A Baptist minister, proponent of nonviolence, and the most prominent leader of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968
John F Kennedy
The 35th president, a Democrat, who served from 1961 to 1963 and marked a generational shift in the US politics at the height of the cold war. He was assassinated November 22, 1963
Civil rights act of 1964
Wide ranging legislation passed by Congress to lost Lake Acacian in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting; created the equal employment opportunity commission
National organization for women (NOW)
The leading activist group of the women’s rights movement, especially in the 1960s and 1970s
Eleanor Roosevelt
First lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. Roosevelt champion human rights throughout her life and serve as the US his first delegate to the United States general assembly and later chaired the UNs commission on human rights
Equal pay acts of 1963
Legislation that required employers to pay men and women equal pay for equal work
Title IX
Provision of the education amendments of 1972 the bars educational institutions that receive federal funds from discriminating against female students
Equal rights amendment (ERA)
Proposed amendment to the Constitution that states “ equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex”
League of United Latin American citizens (LULAC)
And activist group founded in 1929 to combat discrimination against, and from assimilation among, Americans of Hispanic origin
Cesar Chavez
Labor organizer who, with Dolores Huerta, founded the United farm workers union UFW in the 1960s
Mexican American legal defense and educational fund MALDEF
And organization modeled on the NAACP legal defense and educational fund that works to protect the civil rights of Americans of Mexican and other Hispanic heritage
Chinese exclusion act
A law passed by Congress in 1882 that prohibited all new immigration into the US from China
Korematsu V US 1944
Supreme court ruling that upheld the authority of the US government to require mass intermittent of people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II
LGBT community
I minority group based on sexual orientation and gender identity that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT people
Lawrence V Texas 2003
A 2003 Supreme Court ruling that anti-sodomy laws violated the constitutional right to privacy
United States v Windsor
A supreme court ruling striking down the 1996 defense of marriage act dealMA which prohibited federal recognition of same-sex marriages
Obergefell v Hodges 2015
Supreme court ruling that held that same sex couples have a fundamental right to marry under the constitution
Americans with disabilities act ADA
A law enacted by Congress in 1990 design to guarantee accommodation and access for people with a wide range of disabilities
Standards of review
The levels of deference the court is governments to craft policies that make distinctions on the basis of personal characteristics. The standard stem from the courts need to ensure that laws did not undermine the 14th amendment equal protection clause
Suspect classifications
Category your class, such as race or fundamental freedom, that triggers the highest standard of scrutiny from the supreme court
Strict scrutiny
A high in standard of review used by the Supreme Court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenge practice. Legislation affecting the fundamental freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press as well as suspect classification are automatically accorded in this level of review
Affirmative action
Policies designed to give special attention or compensatory treatment to members of a previously disadvantaged group
Intermediate standard of a review
A standard of review in which the court determines whether classifications serve an important governmental objective intercept simply related to serving that objective. Gender-related legislation automatically accorded this level of review
Rational basis standard of review
A standard overview in which the court determines whether any rational foundation for the discrimination exist. Legislation affecting individuals based on age, wealth, or generally given this level of review
