AP Final Flashcards by kyra Neiswonger

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be _________

Enhancement of labor contractions

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A Phospholipid is usually ______

Partially polar and partially nonpolar

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Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched

Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region

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Atom X has seventeen protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?

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Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms

Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body

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Place the following in correct sequence from the simplest to most complex
molecules
atoms
tissues
cells
organs

atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organ

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Histology would be best defined as a study of

tissues

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The chemical symbol O=O means

the atoms are double bonded

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Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

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The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,

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An atom with _____ electrons could be an anion when ionically bonded

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Which of the following correctly lists the steps of fracture repair in sequence?

A hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus develops, bony callus forms, bone remodeling.

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An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the________

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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a motor unit is______

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

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Arrange the following steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence

1.An impulse arrives at a synaptic knob, causing the release of ACh
2. The muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules, causing calcium to be released.
3.Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules exposing their active sites.
4. Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin, forming cross-bridges.
5. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments.
6. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts

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Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

Endomysium

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Which of the following are composed of myosin?

Thick filaments

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Which of the following hormones would may decrease blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

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A sarcomere is ____

the area between two Z discs

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At a neuromuscular junction, the synaptic knob “fits” inside the _____ of the muscle fiber

Motor End Plate

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The muscle cell membrane is called the

Sarcolemma

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The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers results from the

Position of thick filaments relative to the thin filaments.

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The _____ is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

All of the ventricles and spinal cord

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The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the _____

Dura mater, Pia mater and arachnoid

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The central nervous system is composed of _____

Brain and spinal cord

The spinal cord has gray matter on the _____

Inside, white matter on the outside

The layer of the meninges that adheres to the surface of the brain is the _____

Dura Mater

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called

Gyri

Motor control, planning, personality, and decision making are functions of the brain associated with which part of the cerebrum ?

Frontal Lobe

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are associated with which structure?

Diencephalon

What lies between the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

The longitudinal fissure

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

Frontal from Parietal

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe receives sensory input from

the sense of touch

Ossification of the ends of the long bones is produced by

Secondary ossification centers

Cranial Bones are formed via

intramembranous ossification

What is one location where red bone marrow can be found?

Sternum

Spongy bones are made up of a framework called

Trabeculae

Vertebrae are considered ____ bones

Irregular

What is not a function of bone

Serving as an endocrine organ, secreting several different horomones.

Bones are covered by a protective tissue called the periosteum. The inner layer consists primarily of ____

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of

fat

The "bulls eye" appearing structures found with compact bone are

osteons

The cell responsible for secreting the osteoid of bone is the

Osteoblast

Describe the location of compact bone and spongy bone

Compact bone covers the ends of the bone and forms the shaft, and spongy bone is inside the ends, under the compact bone

The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is a

Phospholipids

The release of a neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of

exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.

The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses and "inactivation gate" that temporarily shits after the channel is open is the

voltage-gated sodium channel

What is the thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?

Endosteum

A mixed nerve is on that contains both

sensory and motor neurons

Which letter is associated with the disc that is a protein structure that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends?

What is not found in thin filaments

Myelin

Each thick filament contains about ____ protein molecules

300

The center space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

medullary cavity

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol stimulate what

osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood

The bones of the wrist are classified as ____ bones

Short

The increase in muscle tension that occurs with an increase in the intesity of a stimulus is called

Recruitment

A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps would contain what

several hundred muscle fibers

What needs to happen for relaxation to occur

Sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin

The branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the ____ nervous system

Autonomic

Give an example of a bone that is a result of endochondral ossification

Fibula

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the

microglial cell

What steps are included in the process of bone repair

Hematoma formation Fibrocartilaginous callus forms Bony callus forms Bone is remodeled

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time, this results in _____

spatial summation

The expanded end of a long bone is called the

Epiphysis

The function of myelin is to

produce faster nerve impulse propagation through the axon

To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction, calcium enters the cell and binds to

Calmodulin, which then leads to the activation of myosin molecules

The most abundant form of smooth muscle is

single unit, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium

enters the synaptic knob through voltage gated channels and triggers the release of the neurotransmitter

A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ____ the resting membrane potential

less negative than

When ____ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called ____

osteoblasts, osteocytes

Endochondral ossification begins with a ___ model

hyaline cartilage

Which protein makes up the thick filaments

Troponin

Power stroke involves ____

a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

Saltatory conduction occurs in

Myelinated axons

Invaginations of the sarcolemma that carry action potentials deep into the cell interior are known as the

T-Tubules

The glial cells that help to produce cerebrospinal fluid is the

Ependymal cell

Compact bone is composed of

tubular units called osteons

Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the

peripheral nervous system

Action potentials are generated by the openings of ____ gated channels, and they occur on the ______

Voltage, axon

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a ___ subunit

Troponin

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is

-70 mV

Potassium has a high concentration

inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell

Where are synaptic knobs located

At the tips of telodendrion / axon terminals