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AP > AP Final > Flashcards

AP Final Flashcards

1
Q

A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be _________

A

Enhancement of labor contractions

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2
Q

A Phospholipid is usually ______

A

Partially polar and partially nonpolar

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3
Q

Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched

A

Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region

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4
Q

Atom X has seventeen protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell?

A

7

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5
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms

A

Negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body

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6
Q

Place the following in correct sequence from the simplest to most complex
molecules
atoms
tissues
cells
organs

A

atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organ

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7
Q

Histology would be best defined as a study of

A

tissues

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8
Q

The chemical symbol O=O means

A

the atoms are double bonded

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9
Q

Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________

A

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits

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10
Q

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen,

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11
Q

An atom with _____ electrons could be an anion when ionically bonded

A

9

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12
Q

Which of the following correctly lists the steps of fracture repair in sequence?

A

A hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus develops, bony callus forms, bone remodeling.

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13
Q

An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the________

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

a motor unit is______

A

a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates.

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15
Q

Arrange the following steps of muscle fiber contraction in the correct sequence

A

1.An impulse arrives at a synaptic knob, causing the release of ACh
2. The muscle fiber membrane is stimulated and a muscle impulse travels deep into the fiber through transverse tubules, causing calcium to be released.
3.Calcium floods the sarcoplasm and binds to troponin molecules exposing their active sites.
4. Myosin heads bind to exposed active sites on actin, forming cross-bridges.
5. Thin filaments are pulled over the thick filaments.
6. The muscle fiber shortens and contracts

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16
Q

Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

A

Endomysium

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17
Q

Which of the following are composed of myosin?

A

Thick filaments

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18
Q

Which of the following hormones would may decrease blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin

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19
Q

A sarcomere is ____

A

the area between two Z discs

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20
Q

At a neuromuscular junction, the synaptic knob “fits” inside the _____ of the muscle fiber

A

Motor End Plate

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21
Q

The muscle cell membrane is called the

A

Sarcolemma

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22
Q

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle fibers results from the

A

Position of thick filaments relative to the thin filaments.

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23
Q

The _____ is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

A

All of the ventricles and spinal cord

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24
Q

The central nervous system is enclosed by membranes or meninges called the _____

A

Dura mater, Pia mater and arachnoid

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25
Q

The central nervous system is composed of _____

A

Brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

The spinal cord has gray matter on the _____

A

Inside, white matter on the outside

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27
Q

The layer of the meninges that adheres to the surface of the brain is the _____

A

Dura Mater

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28
Q

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called

A

Gyri

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29
Q

Motor control, planning, personality, and decision making are functions of the brain associated with which part of the cerebrum ?

A

Frontal Lobe

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30
Q

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are associated with which structure?

A

Diencephalon

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31
Q

What lies between the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

The longitudinal fissure

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32
Q

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

A

Frontal from Parietal

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33
Q

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe receives sensory input from

A

the sense of touch

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34
Q

Ossification of the ends of the long bones is produced by

A

Secondary ossification centers

35
Q

Cranial Bones are formed via

A

intramembranous ossification

35
Q

What is one location where red bone marrow can be found?

A

Sternum

36
Q

Spongy bones are made up of a framework called

A

Trabeculae

37
Q

Vertebrae are considered ____ bones

A

Irregular

38
Q

What is not a function of bone

A

Serving as an endocrine organ, secreting several different horomones.

39
Q

Bones are covered by a protective tissue called the periosteum. The inner layer consists primarily of ____

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

40
Q

Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of

A

fat

41
Q

The “bulls eye” appearing structures found with compact bone are

A

osteons

42
Q

The cell responsible for secreting the osteoid of bone is the

A

Osteoblast

43
Q

Describe the location of compact bone and spongy bone

A

Compact bone covers the ends of the bone and forms the shaft, and spongy bone is inside the ends, under the compact bone

44
Q

The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is a

A

Phospholipids

45
Q

The release of a neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of

A

exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.

46
Q

The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses and “inactivation gate” that temporarily shits after the channel is open is the

A

voltage-gated sodium channel

47
Q

What is the thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?

A

Endosteum

48
Q

A mixed nerve is on that contains both

A

sensory and motor neurons

49
Q

Which letter is associated with the disc that is a protein structure that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends?

A

Z

50
Q

What is not found in thin filaments

A

Myelin

51
Q

Each thick filament contains about ____ protein molecules

A

300

52
Q

The center space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

A

medullary cavity

53
Q

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol stimulate what

A

osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood

54
Q

The bones of the wrist are classified as ____ bones

A

Short

55
Q

The increase in muscle tension that occurs with an increase in the intesity of a stimulus is called

A

Recruitment

56
Q

A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps would contain what

A

several hundred muscle fibers

57
Q

What needs to happen for relaxation to occur

A

Sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin

58
Q

The branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the ____ nervous system

A

Autonomic

59
Q

Give an example of a bone that is a result of endochondral ossification

A

Fibula

60
Q

The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the

A

microglial cell

61
Q

What steps are included in the process of bone repair

A

Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Bony callus forms
Bone is remodeled

62
Q

When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time, this results in _____

A

spatial summation

63
Q

The expanded end of a long bone is called the

A

Epiphysis

64
Q

The function of myelin is to

A

produce faster nerve impulse propagation through the axon

65
Q

To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction, calcium enters the cell and binds to

A

Calmodulin, which then leads to the activation of myosin molecules

66
Q

The most abundant form of smooth muscle is

A

single unit, which is also known as visceral smooth muscle

67
Q

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium

A

enters the synaptic knob through voltage gated channels and triggers the release of the neurotransmitter

68
Q

A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes ____ the resting membrane potential

A

less negative than

69
Q

When ____ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called ____

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes

70
Q

Endochondral ossification begins with a ___ model

A

hyaline cartilage

71
Q

Which protein makes up the thick filaments

A

Troponin

72
Q

Power stroke involves ____

A

a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere

73
Q

Saltatory conduction occurs in

A

Myelinated axons

74
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma that carry action potentials deep into the cell interior are known as the

A

T-Tubules

75
Q

The glial cells that help to produce cerebrospinal fluid is the

A

Ependymal cell

76
Q

Compact bone is composed of

A

tubular units called osteons

77
Q

Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the

A

peripheral nervous system

78
Q

Action potentials are generated by the openings of ____ gated channels, and they occur on the ______

A

Voltage, axon

79
Q

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a ___ subunit

A

Troponin

80
Q

Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is

A

-70 mV

81
Q

Potassium has a high concentration

A

inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell

82
Q

Where are synaptic knobs located

A

At the tips of telodendrion / axon terminals

AP (3 decks)

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