AP EXAM CH. 6-9 Flashcards
Encomiendas
Under Spain. Crown granted colonists authority over a number of natives, the colonists was obliged to protect and convert natives to Catholicism. (Like a form of slavery).
Evangelicalism
Religion that contributed to the Great Awakening
Head right system
A tract of land was granted to colonists. Virginia company used this to attract settlers to new world. Became the basis for an emerging aristocracy in colonial Virginia & hindered development of democracy in region.
Indentured servitude.
I return for free passage, indentured servants were promised several years of labor- after which they would receive freedom.
Joint stock company
Corporate businesses with shareholders whose mission was to settle and develops lands in North America.
Mercantilism
Trade
Wealth = power
Middle passage
Shipping route that brought slaves to America
Praying towns
Developed by Puritans of New England in an effort to convert Native American tribes to Christianity.
Proprietary colony
North American colonies ( like the Carolinas and Pennsylvania) organized in territories granted by the English Crown who had full governing rights.
Puritanism
Wanted to purify the the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic practices. Many were prosecuted and looked to the new world for a new life.
Royal colony
Areas whose ownership was by the King, who could exert control over their governments.
Salutary neglect
British held its distance with colonial affairs during seven years war (French and Indian War) (1650-1750). Colonies “grew up” and held revolutionary sentiments.
Bacon’s rebellion
Indentured servant Nathaniel Bacon led an uprising against his government and nearby natives who kept stealing rations from the colonies. This conflict led to the use of African Americans as slaves instead of indentured servants.
Beaver wars (1628-1701)
English backed Iroquois confederacy frequently fought French backed Algonquian tribes over fur and fishing rights. These wars were considered the bloodiest in North American history.
Chickasaw wars (1721-1763)
British backed Chickasaw tribe fought the French backed Choctaw for control over the land around the Mississippi River.
Glorious revolution in England
England overthrew James II and replaced with William and Mary. Massachusetts became a royal colony. Suffrage was extended to all Protestants
The great awakening
Wave of religious revival. Enlightenment ideals influenced colonial life.
King Phillips war (1675-1678)
Metacomet, leader of Wampanoag tribe, led a retaliation against nearby white colonists who kept trying to convert the Indians to English culture and religion.
Pequot war (1636-1638)
Pequots resisted the English incursions into their lands.
Salem witchcraft trials
103 people were tried on charges of witchcraft.
Stono uprising
Slave rebellion. Group of slaves stole guns and ammunition, killing their way down to Florida in hopes the Spanish would give them freedom. They were eventually caught by the military. This uprising led to more restricted laws to govern slaves.
Anne Hutchinson
She challenged Puritan beliefs. Tried for her heresy, convicted and banished.
Benjamin Franklin
Inventor of bifocals, lightening rod. Espoused enlightenment ideals about education, government, and religion.
Calvinists
Settlers of Massachusetts bay colony were strict Calvinists.
George Whitfield and Jonathan Edwards
Exemplified period of great awakening in the colonies.
John Rolfe
Survivor of Jamestown colony. Married Pocahontas, which eased tensions with native Americans. He pioneered practice of growing tobacco. (Tobacco led to the need of slavery)
John smith.
Saved the Jamestown colony. “He who will not work shall not eat.”
Separatists
Person who supports the separation of a particular group of people from a larger body on the basis of ethnicity, religion, or gender.
Virginia Company
Funded the colonization of Jamestown (which failed).
Act of toleration
Maryland’s government passed this to protect the religious freedom of Christians.
Fundamental orders of Connecticut
First written constitution under British North America
Halfway covenant
Changed the rules governing Puritan baptisms. Added to the mass hysteria in Salem
Mayflower compact
CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED
Navigation acts
A protective tariff. Colonists could only buy goods from England.
“City upon a hill”
John Winthrop urged colonists to be a model of Christian Charity for others to look up to.
Checks and balances
Each branch of power has certain responsibilities so no one branch can gain all power.
Common sense
Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine to advocate colonial independence. Helped swing considerable support to the patriot cause
Hamilton’s financial plan
Favored a strong central government. Wanted a national bank. Rid national debt.
Kentucky and Virginia resolutions
Argued that the states had the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws (nullification).
Loose constructionism
Loose interpretation of the constitution.
Republican motherhood
Women worked at home raising their kids with good morals.
Strict constructionism
Very strict and literal interpretation of the constitution
Virtual representation
Members of parliament represented all British subjects regardless of who elected them.
Colonists really just wanted the right to determine their own taxes.
Washington’s farewell address
Washington warned of permanent alliances and called for America to remain neutral in foreign affairs.
Battle of concord
Group of farmers repelled an army of British redcoats in Concord MA. “Shot heard round the world.” Heightened Americas confidence
Battle of Lexington
Pre battle of concord. British troops, on there way to confiscate weapons from colonists, encountered a group of Minutemen
Boston massacre
Soldiers stationed in Boston fired into a wild mob and killed 5.
Boston tea party
Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawks, boarded a ship and dumped its cargo of tea into the harbor.
English responded with numerous measures such as the intolerable acts.
Pontiac’s rebellion
Ottawa war chief Pontiac rallied a group of tribes in the Ohio ballet and attacked colonial outposts due to the rise in price of goods sold to the natives.
Seven years war
The war was the inevitable result of colonial expansion. French, trying to protect their fur trade, began war with English after colonists tried to attack a French outpost.
Led to the first seeds of anti-British sentiment in the colonies.
Whiskey rebellion
Citizens rebelled against the tax on whiskey. SHOWED THE ARTICLES
OF CONFEDERATION WAS TOO WEAK TO STOP UPRISINGS
XYZ Affair
President Adams sent diplomats to France to discuss why French were seizing American ships. French officials demanded a huge bribe before they could negotiate. The diplomats returned home empty handed.
Public became anti-French
Alexander Hamilton
Coined the new financial plan under the US constitution. He was a federalist.
Anti federalists
Opposed the creation of a stronger federal government under the constitution.
Committees of correspondence
Groups set up throughout the colonies to trade ideas and inform one another of the political mood during the American Revolution.
Democratic Republican Party.
Followers of Jefferson and Madison. Agriculture economy, stronger state governments, strict constructionism, wanted to side with France.
Federalists
Supported the new constitution with a stronger federal government. Federalist papers
George Washington
First president of the United States of America.
John Adams
Second president. Federalist.
Loyalists
Those who remained loyal to the crown instead of siding with the colonies.
Minutemen
Colonial Militia men who were always ready to fight on a minutes notice
Patriots
Those who are loyal to the colonies and helped with the American revolution for independence.
Paxton boys
In response to Pontiac’s uprising, a group of scots-Irish frontiersmen in PA murdered several in the susquehanook tribe
Sons of Liberty
Protest groups throughout the colonies against the stamp acts and other tariffs.
Patrick Henry
Drafted the stamp act in VA. Lots of opposition.
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic republican. Strong state governments.
3/5 compromise
Every five salves would count as three people in state representation.
Albany plan of union
A plan to create a unified government for the thirteen colonies, suggested by Benjamin franklin.
Alien and sedition acts
Allowed the government to forcibly expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for “scandalous and malicious writing.”
Led to the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions.
Articles of confederation
First national constitution for the colonies. Contained several major limitations. More concerned with prohibiting the government from gaining too much power than with empowering it to function correctly.
Bill of rights
Anti federalists wanted bill of rights added to the new constitution to guarantee their freedom under a stronger federal government.
Currency act
Forbade the colonies from issuing paper money.
First continental congress
All colonies except Georgia sent delegates to enumerate American grievances, develop a strategy for addressing those grievances, and formulate a colonial position on the proper relationship between the royal government and the colonial governments.
Franco-American alliance
Brought the French into the war on the side of he colonists after the battle of Saratoga. The alliance buoyed American morale.
Great compromise
Blended the New Jersey plan and the Virginia plan to have a bicameral legislature and a constitution.
Intolerable acts
Punitive measures given by Britain after the Boston tea party. One closed boston’s harbor to all but essential trade and declared it would remain closed until all the tea was paid for. Tightened English control over Massachusetts government.
Jay’s treaty
An agreement made in 1794 between England and the US concerning the evacuation of the British from Northwest Territories and free trade
Navigation acts
Regulated trade
New Jersey plan
Called for equal representation in each state.
Northwest ordinance of 1787
It abolished slavery in the Northwest Territories. Also set specific regulations concerning the conditions under which territories could apply for statehood
Led to the issue of slavery out west. Civil war
Olive branch petition
A last ditch attempt of the colonists to avoid armed conflict with Britain.
Pinckney’s treaty
Spain promised to try and prevent native Americans from attacking western settlers.
Proclamation of 1763
Great Britain forbade all settlement past Appalachian mountains.
Proclamation of neutrality
Washington declared US intention to remain “friendly and impartial toward belligerent powers.”
Second continental congress
Happened just after the battles of Lexington and concord. Congress prepared for war by establishing a continental army, printing money, and creating government offices to supervise policy. Picked George Washington to lead the army.
Stamp act
- A tax specifically aimed at raising revenue, tax on all goods produced within the colonies. Angered colonists “no taxation without representation” (even though they didn’t really want representation).
Sugar act
Established new duties, mainly aimed at deterring molasses smugglers.
Townshend acts
Similar to extents of stamp act. Taxes good imported from Britain. Created more vice admiralty courts. Instituted British writs of assistance.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Granted the United States independence and generous territorial rights.
Virginia plan
Called for a new government based on the principle of checks and balances. Representation based on population.
American system
Aka nationalist program. Programs instituted by Madison to promote national growth.
Corrupt bargain
When the 1824 election ended without any candidate receiving a majority in the electoral college, the house of representatives awarded the election to John Quincy Adams
Colt of domesticity
The notion that men should work well woman kept house and raised children.
Era of good feelings
A period of unity after the demise of the Federalists in the United States. Only one political party = unity.
Gag rule
Regulation or directive that prohibits public discussion of a particular matter.
Impressment
During the war of 1812 British Navy begin stopping American ships and with little or no proof forced sailors back into the British Navy
Jacksonian democracy
A national government by middle and upper-class educated property holders. Envisioned a nation of yeoman farmers. Liberty would be protected by limiting the power of central government. Universal white manhood suffrage.
Judicial review
Marbury versus Madison. Review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.
Labor unions
As working condition started to deteriorate, workers began to organize labor unions to protect their interests. Often with strong, frequently violent opposition from industry.
Manifest destiny
American belief that they had a God-given right to the western territories.
Monroe doctrine
A policy of mutual non-interference. You stay out of the Americas, Monroe told Europe, and we will stay out of your squabbles.
Second great awakening
Like the first was a period of religious revival, mainly among Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists.
Spoils system
Andrew Jackson. Trading jobs for political favors. He dismissed numerous government officials and replaced them with political supporters.
Temperance
No drinking.
Underground railroad
A network of hiding places and safe trails used to help more than 300 slaves escape the south.
Election of 1824
Major turning point in presidential elections. Citizens could now elect electors to the electoral college.
John Quincy Adams won over Henry Clay
Louis and Clark expedition
Explorers Lewis and Clark investigated western territories. Attention was turned to Westward in search of land, riches, and economic opportunities.
Nat Turner’s rebellion
Turner rallied a gang which killed and mutilated 60 whites. In retaliation 200 slaves were executed, some with no connection to the rebellion. Black codes came as a result.
Panic of 1819
Financial scare threw the American economy into turmoil. Poverty, inflation.
Panic of 1837
Another financial scare. Money shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasury.
Seneca Falls convention
First women’s rights convention. Published the declaration of rights and sentiments of women, modeled after the Declaration of Independence.
Trail of tears
Indian removal Act. Between 1835 and 1838, thousands of Cherokees walked to Oklahoma under the supervision of the US Army. Thousands died of sickness and starvation.
War of 1812
French-English dispute. Many US ships were impressed by British (caused Jefferson to boycott British goods). Embargo Act and Intercourse Act of 1809.
Aaron Burr
Burr vs Hamilton. Burr killed Hamilton in a duel.
American anti-slavery society
Founded by Garrison. Fought against slavery and moderates as well.
American Colonization society
Established in1826, it sought to repatriate slaves to the newly-formed country of Liberia in Africa.
Andrew Jackson
Jacksonian Democracy (stronger state governments). Spoils system and Indian removal act.
Charles G. FInney
Evangelist during the Second Great Awakening. Founded numerous churches.
David Walker
Free black abolitionist.
Dorothea Dix
An American activist on behalf of the insane. Created the first insane asylums.
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin.
Frederick Douglas
Free black abolitionist. Narrative Life of Frederick Douglas.
Harriet Tubman
Escaped slave who ran the Underground Railroad.
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
Leaders of the Southern and Western War Hawks. Saw war as an opportunity to grab new territories to the west (wanted confrontation with British).
Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalists during the Second Great Awakening.
Horace Mann
Pushed for public education and education reform. He lengthened the school year, provided for adequate teacher training, and used the first standardized educational books.
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Federalist. Established judicial review.
John Quincy Adams
Federalist - tried to strengthened federal government but had difficulty due to the fact that Congress favored Jackson over him.
Mormons
Dominated Utah territory after migrating from the East (away from persecution).
Richard Allen
A minister, educator, writer, and one of America’s most active and influential black leaders. Founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Samuel Slater
An early Englishman industrialist known as the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution.”
The Shakers
A utopian group that splintered from the Quakers. Isolated themselves in communes full of equal rights.
Sojourner truth
A charismatic speaker who campaigned for emancipation and women’s rights.
Cherokee Nation vs Georgia
Worcester vs Gerogia
Chief Justice John Marshall sided with the Cherokee Indians and agreed they could stay in their native home. Jackson refused to comply- Trail of Tears.
Embargo Act
During war of 1812 this basically shut down America’s import and export business.
Force Bill
After the Tariff of 1832 failed to lower rates to an acceptable level, South Carolina nullified the tariff. Jackson had Congress authorize the Force Bill, threatening to call in troops to enforce the tariff.
Indian removal Act
Jackson wanted Native Americans to be put into reservations.
Louisiana Purchase
US bought Louisiana territory from the French for $15 million. (Caused some disruption because no where in the Constitution did it authorize the President to purchase land).
Macon’s Bill No. 2
The bill reopened trade with France and Britain. However, Madison promised that if either country renounced its interference with American trade, he would cut off trade with the other one.
Marburg vs Madison
Established judicial review
McCulloch vs Maryland
Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could charter a bank and the states could not tax it.
Missouri Compromise
Admitted Missouri as a slave state, admitted Maine as a free state, no slave states beyond 36 30’ parallel.
Non-Intercourse Act
Jefferson reopened trade with most nations, but still officially banned trade with Britain and France.
Second Bank of the US
Second federally authorized Hamiltonian national bank.
Specie Circular
Jackson ended the policy of selling government land on credit, buyers now had to pay “hard cash”. This caused Panic of 1837.
Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
passed during Adam’s administration but caused a crisis during Jackson’s administration. Outraged southerners felt tax on imports was excessive and unfair. John C. Calhoun set forth his theory of nullification. This led to the nullification crisis.
Oregon Treaty
Signed with Great Britain in 1846, allowed the US to acquire peacefully what is now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana.
Conscription
A military draft
Habeas Corpus
A writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court.
Loyalty Oath
Johnson’s reconstruction plan required all southern citizens to swear loyalty to the Union before receiving amnesty for the civil war.
Nativism
A return to or emphasis on traditional or local customs, in opposition to outside influences.
Popular sovereignty
“Majority rules”
Citizens could vote for whether or not a state would be free or slave.
Share cropping
portions of crops were traded in exchange for the right to work on someone else’s land. Abuses of Sharecropping grew widespread by the end of Reconstruction.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Sentimental novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, based on her damning descriptions of plantation life as a slave. It was a strong piece of propaganda that awakened anti-slavery sentiment.
Battle of Gettysburg
Major Union victory in PA. Turning point of Civil War.
battle of Little Big Horn
US Calvary under General Custer were defeated by a group of Sioux Indians. Caused Americans to view Natives as bloodthirsty and gruesome. US government tried to subdue the tribes.
Compromise of 1850
California was added as a free state, enactment of fugitive slave laws, territories of Utah and New Mexico would decide over slavery by popular sovereignty. Abolished slave trade but not slavery itself.
Emancipation Proclamation
1863: the government would liberate all slaves residing in those stated still “in rebellion.” Proclamation allowed Southern states to rejoin the Union without giving up slavery. Changed purpose of war because it showed, for the Union, the war was against slavery.
Bleeding Kansas
Name given to Kansas after Border Ruffians and anti-slavery peoples went at it over the decision of slavery with popular sovereignty.
The Great Migration
When reconstruction ended, many blacks left the south for northern cities (more opportunities and less persecution)
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
After congress passed the Military reconstruction Act of 1867, Johnson did all he could to counteract the congressional plan. Impeachment proceedings were made against Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act (Johnson had fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without approval from the Senate).
Mexican American War
Polk “poked” Mexico by challenging Mexican authorities on the border of Texas. War did not have universal public support (mainly bc new territories = new disputes about slavery).
Sand Creek Massacre
Controversial surprise attack upon a surrendered, partially unarmed Cheyenne Indian camp by US troops. This had a far reaching influence on the Plains Wars.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Union army troops under General William Sherman marched south, destroying Confederate supplies that might be useful in the war.
Abraham Lincoln
President during Civil war. Increased power of central government, implemented economic development plans, raised tariffs to protect trade, initiated printing of national currency.
Blanche K. Bruce
Formerly enslaved, Bruce made history as the first African American to serve a full term in the US Senate.
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who ventured south to run Reconstruction programs (for wealth).
Copperheads
Accused Lincoln of instigating a national social revolution and criticized his administration’s policies as a thinly disguised attempt to destroy the south.
Dred Scott
Scott, a former slave whose master has taken him to territories where slavery was illegal, declared himself free and sued for his freedom.
Exodusters
Name given to African Americans who migrated to Kansas during the reconstruction era.
Forty Niner
A prospector who took part in the California Gold Rush of 1849
Freedman’s Bureau
Helped newly freed black establish a place in post civil war society.
James Buchanan
He worked to enforce the fugitive slave act and opposed abolitionist activism in the south.
Assembly line manufacturing
Required workers to perform a single task over and over. (Ford).Factories were dangerous and error typically resulted in more than 500,00 injuries per year.
“Cross of Gold” speech
Republican William Jennings Bryan’s speech. Argued that an easy money supply (“free silver”) would bring the nation prosperity.
Economies of Sale
The lower their costs, the cheaper they could sell. The cheaper the product, the more they sold. (industrialization)
Ghost Dance
Prophet Wovoka promised his followers that through proper ceremony and magic, federal expansion in the west would end and Indians would live peacefully. (Led to Wounded Knee Massacre)
The Gilded Age
Era between reconstruction and 1900. American politics looked like a shining example of representative democracy, but beneath the surface lay corruption and patronage.
Gospel of Wealth
An article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that advocated philanthropy, as by building libraries and museum or funding medical research, but not charity.
Laissez-faire economics
Non interference. hands off government
Monopoly
Complete control of an entire industry. Caused major problems such as bank failure, unemployment, & Interests of extremely powerful men clashed with the rest of society. Influenced the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
The New south
The southern United States after the Civil War. Agriculture as main form of labor, Sharecropping, Jim Crow Laws.
Political bosses
Group of corrupt men who helped the poor find homes and jobs, as well as citizenship and voting rights. In return the expected community members to vote as they were instructed.
Referendum
A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
Social Darwinism
Relating to Darwin’s theory of evolution, in business, as in nature, unrestricted competition allowed only the “fittest” to survive.
Social Gospel
Christian faith practiced as a call not only to personal conversion but to social reform.
Socialism
Political/economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchanged should be regulated by the community as a whole.
Tenement housing
Run-down overcrowded set of apartments.
Trusts
An economic method that had other companies assign their stocks to the board of trusts who would manage them. This made the head of the board very wealthy and killed off competitors not in the trust. (Used/developed by Rockefeller). Also used in creating monopolies.
Women’s Suffrage
Fight for women’s right to vote. Susan B. Anthony, American Suffrage Association, 19th amendment.
Haymarket Square Riot
During an 1886 labor demonstration in Chicago’s Haymarket Square, a bomb went off, killing police.
Homestead Strike
Angered workers at Homestead steel works (part of Carnegie’s industry) opened fire on a barge loaded with 300 strikebreakers after wages were cut by 20%.
Pullman Strike
Nationwide railroad strike on May 11, 1894. In response federal government used an injunction (authoritative warning/order) to break the strike. President created a national holiday, Labor Day, as a gesture toward the American labor movement.
Wounded Knee Massacre
Many Sioux who were active in the Ghost Dance Movement were killed in a dispute started by cavalry troops intent on disarming members of the Pine Ridge Reservation.
American Federation of Labor
Led by Samuel Gompers. A union group dedicated on fixing issues such as higher wages and shorter workdays.
American Suffrage Association
Fought for women’s suffrage amendments to state constitutions.
Andrew Carnegie
Steel bigwig who promoted the theory of social Darwinism.
Booker T. Washington
A southern black born into slavery who opened up the first vocational and training school for blacks (the Tuskegee Institute).
Boss Tweed
Political boss of Tammany Hall in NYC.
Frederick Jackson Turner
US historian who stressed the role of the Western frontier in American history.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
An American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Reformer and feminist. Worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony for women’s suffrage.
Eugene V. Debs
Leader of socialists
Farmer’s Alliance
Purpose of allowing farmer’s to buy machinery and sell crops as a group and, therefore reap the benefits of economies of scale.
Ida B. Wells
An African American journalist, newspaper, editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement.
John D. Rockefeller
Owner of standard oil monopoly.
John Muir
Environmental naturalist who created the Sierra Club, one of the first organizations devoted to conservation in the US.
Las Gorras Blancas
A group in the New Mexico territory active in response to the Anglo-American farmers and ranchers settling in the territory.
Knights of Labor
Organized union of skilled and unskilled workers fighting for and 8 hour work day, equal pay for men and women, child labor laws, safety/sanitary codes, federal income tax, and government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines. (Involved with the Haymarket Square Riot).
Populist Party
A third party movement in the 1890’s which drew support from disgruntled farmers. Populists were particularly known for advocating the unlimited coinage of silver.
Samuel Gompers
Leader of the American Federation of Labor
Susan B. Anthony
Led the fight convincing Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment to the Constitution.
Thomas Edison
Inventor of light bulb. His work led to the development of power plants, extension of the workday, the wider availability of electricity, and opportunities for mass production.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Federal law prohibiting all Chinese immigration to the US due to complaints on the west coast that Chinese immigrants were providing threatening competition to workers.
Dawes Severalty Act
Broke up the reservations and distributed some of the land to the head of each Native American family. It’s main goal was to accelerate the assimilation of Native Americans into Western society.
Department of the Interior
Federal executive department of the US government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land and natural resources, and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans.
Interstate Commerce Act
Designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.
Jim Crow Laws
Discriminatory laws in the south aimed at blacks.
McKinley Tariff
Protective tariff that raised the average duty on foreign goods to almost 50%. Aimed to protect domestic industries from foreign competitors.
Open Door Policy
America opened up ports to trade with Asian markets. (Rise of imperialism).
Pendleton Civl Service Reform Act
Aimed to break the spoils system and improve the civil service of the US. Government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit- civil service exams were to be taken before applicants were given certain jobs.
Plessy vs Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities for the different races was legal.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Forbade any “combination or conspiracy in the restraint of trade” (forbade monopolies/trusts).
Christian Fundamentalism
Conservatives, believe that the statements in the bible are literally true.
Conservatives
Opposed higher tax rates and increase in government power over business that the New Deal brought.
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft’s attempt to secure favorable relationships with Latin America and East Asian countries by providing monetary loans.
Court-packing
Roosevelt attempted to “pack the Supreme Court” with justices who supported his policies. This scheme was rejected by Congress.
Interventionism
A government policy or practice of doing things to directly influence the country’s economy or the political affairs of another country.
Liberalism
Belief in the value of social and political change I order to achieve progress
New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt’s sweeping reforms to improve conditions for persons suffering from the Great Depression. (Helped banking systems, rural farmers, and poor). The first New Deal was an immediate success: unemployment rates fell and wages rose.
New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election.
Protectionism
The theory or practice of shielding a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports. (Ex. Hayley-Smoot Tariff).
Rationing
Fixed amount- control on production of goods during war.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Roosevelt’s addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting that the US might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country.
Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt pledged not to favor any group of Americans but to be fair to all.
Xenophobia
Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.
Yellow journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
US dropped 2 atomic bombs in Japan to get Japanese to surrender in WWII.
D-Day
On June 6, 1944, allied troops landed on the beaches of Normandy and turned the tides of WWII.
Dust Bowl
A prolonged drought in the Great Plains area of the Midwest. Caused agrarian unrest, evictions, and foreclosures. Led to the creation of the Farmer’s Holiday Association- this organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walkout by farmers in order to raise prices.
First Red Scare
During the 1920’s, caused by fears of subversion by communists in the US after the Russian revolution. Led to the round up and deportation of several hundred immigrants of radical political views by the federal government.
The Great Depression
October 1929. Caused by stock market crash, carnage of WWI, overproduction, deflation, unemployment, and business failures.
Harlem Renaissance
An African American cultural movement of the 1920-30’s centered around black traditions, black voice, and black ways of life.
Manhattan project
Research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during WWII.
Palmer Raids
After WWI, the government abandoned the respect of civil liberties as its agents raided numerous facilities to arrest 4,000 suspected radicals, 600 of which were deported. This was caused by the social unrest of the first red scare.
Potsdam Conference
The big three (Stalin, Churchill, and Truman) met in Potsdam, Germany to negotiate terms for the end of WWII.
Sacco and Vanzetti trial
Two anarchists, Sacco and Vanzetti, were convicted of a robbery and two murders in MA in the 1920’s and sentenced to death. (Red scare = fear of communist spies)
Scopes “Monkey” trial
John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed. (Traditionalism - people were scared to accept new ideas).
Sinking of the Lusitania
Led to the US involvement in WWI.
Spanish Flu
A pandemic respiratory infection that spread throughout the world during 1917-18.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Harding surrounded himself with corrupt advisors. Oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands.
Yalta Conference
Meeting between Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt as WWII was winding down. Agreed to the territorial division of Europe.
Zimmerman Telegram
US intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico, in which Germany stated if Mexico were to declare war on the US, Germany would provide Mexico help in regaining lands lost in the Mexican war. Led US involvement into WWI.
James K. Polk
His goals were to restore the practice of keeping government funds in the Treasury and reduce tariffs (he accomplished both). President during Mexican American war.
Jefferson Davis
Leader of the confederacy during the civil war. He forced the south to compensate quickly for what it had lost breaking ties with the north. Since the south lagged behind in industrialization, Davis’s policies brought inflation.
John Brown
Led raid on Harper’s Ferry in 1859. He hoped to spark a slave revolt but failed and was executed.
Klu Klux Klan
Secretive terrorist group focused on murdering freedmen.
Mathew Perry
US admiral who led a naval expedition to Japan and signed a treaty opening up trade relations.
Radical Republicans
A ring of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil war and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during reconstruction.
Scalawags
Southerners who cooperated in reconstruction.
10% Plan
Lincoln’s plan that required 10% of those voters who had voted in the 1860 election swear an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept emancipation through the 13th amendment. (Did not survive & led to the Wade Davis Bill).
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery
14th amendment
Gave equal rights to all US citizens. Forbade states from restricting the rights of citizens or other persons.
15th amendment
Prohibits the federal or state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Compromise of 1877
It was agreed if Rutherford B. Hayes won the presidential election, he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops out of South Carolina and Louisiana, thereby enabling Democrats to regain control of those states.
Dred Scott vs Stnaford
Chief Justice Robert Taney declared that slaves were property, not citizens, and further, no black person could ever be a citizen of the US.
Hampton Roads Conference
A peace conference held between the US and the Confederate states on Feb 3, 1865 to discuss terms to end the American Civil War.
Homestead Act
To get people moving out west, 160 acres of land was given to anyone willing to live off it for five years.
Fugitive slave act
Required northerners to help catch and return runaway slaves. Led to the creation of personal liberty laws. (Last way to try and reason with the south before the civil war)
Kansas-Nebraska act
Missouri compromise was repealed. Areas of Kansas and Nebraska would decide over the issue of slavery with popular sovereignty. This led to Bleeding Kansas.
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended Mexican American War. Mexico handed over almost all of its southwestern territories (this is known as the Mexican Cession). The US in return paid $15 million for the land.
Created major problems regarding the issue of slavery
Wade Davis Bill
act provided that former Confederate states be ruled by a military governor and required 50% of the electorate to swear an oath of allegiance to the United States.
Wilmot Proviso
A congressional bill prohibiting the extension of slavery into any territory gained from Mexico after the Mexican American War.
