AP EXAM CH. 10-13 Flashcards
Assembly line manufacturing
This type of production required workers to perform a single task over and over. Factories were dangerous with many injuries.
“Cross of Gold” Speech
William Jennings Bryan argued that an easy money supply would loosen the control that Northern banking interests held over the country. His campaign for president was based on “free silver” economy.
Economies of Sale
The lower their costs, the cheaper they could sell their products. The cheaper the product, the more they sold.
Ghost Dance
Prophet Wovoka promised his followers that, through proper ceremony and magic, federal expansion in the West Woodland and Indians would live peacefully. Lead to wounded knee massacre.
The Gilded Age
American politics looked like a shining example of representative democracy, but just beneath the surface lay corruption and patronage.
Laissez fair Economics
Hands off government.
Monopolies
Complete control of an entire industry.
The New South
South after the Civil War. Agriculture as the main form of labor, sharecropping, Jim Crow laws.
Political Bosses
Bosses helped poor find homes and jobs as well as citizenship and voting rights. In return, they expected community members to vote as they were instructed. Owned political machines.
Referendum
General vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
Social Darwinism
Using the Darwins theory of evolution as an analogy, Carnegie argued that in business, as in nature, unrestricted competition allowed only the “fittest” to survive.
Social Gospel
Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform.
Gospel of Wealth
Article in which Carnegie advocated philanthropy, as by building libraries and museums or funding medical research, but not charity.
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Temperance
Act of a no drinking.
Tenement housing
Overly crowded apartment housing.
Trusts
An economic method that had other companies assign their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board wealthy and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. (This method was used and developed by Rockefeller)
Women’s suffrage
Woman’s right to vote. Led by Susan B Anthony. American suffrage Association.
Haymarket Square Riot
during an 1886 labor demonstration in Chicago’s Haymarket Square, a bomb went off, killing police. Blamed on the Knights of labor.
Homestead Strike
A bitterly fought labor dispute. 1892 workers struck the Carnegie steel company at Homestead, Pennsylvania to protest a proposed wage cut. This lead to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry.
Pullman Strike
Widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted traffic in the Midwest during 1894. It was the first time in injunction (an authoritative order) was used to break a strike. Led to the creation of the national holiday Labor Day.
Wounded Knee Massacre
During ghost dance movement many Sioux Indians met their bloody fate during a dispute started by cavalry troops intent on disarming members of the pine bridge reservation.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Led by Samuel Gompers. Focused on issues such as higher wages and shorter work days.
American Suffrage Association
Fought for woman’s suffrage amendments to state constitutions.
Andrew Carnegie
Steel bigwig who promoted social Darwinism and wrote the Gospel of wealth.
Booker T Washington
Founded the Tuskegee Institute, a vocational and industrial training school for blacks.
Boss Tweed
Political boss of Tamany Hall in New York City.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
An American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
Edward Bellamy
American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A reformer and feminist who worked in close partnership with Susan B Anthony for woman’s suffrage.
Eugene V. Debs
Political leader of the late 19th and early 20th century. Deb was five times the presidential candidate of the Socialist party.
Farmers Alliances
Organization with the purpose of allowing farmers to buy machinery and sell crops as a group and therefore reap the benefits of economies of sale.
Frederick Jackson Turner
United States historian who stressed the role of the Western frontier in American history.
Henry George
American economist and social reformer who popularized the “single – tax” reform movement.
Ida Wells Barnett
And African American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the civil rights movement.
John D Rockefeller
Owned the Monopoly of the standard oil industry during the gilded age.
John Muir
1892 naturalist who created the Sierra Club, one of the first large organizations devoted to conservation in the United States.
J.P. Morgan
An American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation.
Las Gorras Blancas
An active group in the New Mexico territory in response to Anglo American farmers and ranchers settling in the territory during the 1880s and 90s.
Knights of labor
First national labor union. Fought for 8 hour work day, equal pay for equal work, child labor laws, safety/sanitary codes, a federal income tax, and government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines.
Populist Party
A third-party movement that spring up in the 1890s and drew support from disgruntled farmers. Populists were particularly known for advocating the unlimited coinage of silver.
Samuel Gompers
Leader of the American Federation of labor
Susan B Anthony
Led the fight for women’s suffrage, convincing Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment to the constitution.
Thomas Edison
Invented the lightbulb. Edison’s work led to the development of power plants, extension of the workday, wider availability of electricity, and generated greater opportunities for mass production.
William Henry Seward
US politician who as
Secretary of State in 1867 arrange for the purchase of Alaska from Russia.
William Jennings Bryan
American politician with a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party. Advocated free silver and prosecuted John scoops for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school.
Chinese exclusion act
Suspended Chinese immigration and declaredChinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization as American citizens. This was due to complaints by workers on the West Coast that the competition from Chinese immigrants was driving down their wages.
Dawes act
Broke up reservations and distributed some of the land to the head of each native American family. It’s main goal was to accelerate the assimilation of Native Americans into Western society.
Department of the interior
Department of the US government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources, and the administration of programs related to Native Americans.
Interstate Commerce Act
Federal law designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly it’s monopolistic practices.
Jim Crow laws
Set of discriminatory laws against African-Americans in the south.
McKinley tariff
A protective tariff that raised the average duty on foreign imports to almost 50%. Tariff was to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. This tariff was harmful to southern and western farmers who sold their crops on unprotected markets. These farmers eventually formed the populist party.
Open door policy
America hope to gain entry into Asian markets and trade with Asia.
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
The purpose of the Pendleton act was to break the spoils system and improve the civil-service of the United States. Required that civil-service examinations were to be taken before applicants were given certain jobs.
Plessy vs Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal “ facilities for the different races was legal.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Forbade any combination or conspiracy in the restraint of trade. Outlawed monopolies.
Christian fundamentalism
Conservative movement among 19th and 20th century Christians who believed the statements in the Bible are literally true and argued against the theory of evolution.
Conservatism
General preference for the existing order of society and in opposition to bring about sharp change.
Court – packing
Roosevelt attempted to “pack the court” with justices who supported his policies. This scheme was rejected by Congress.
Dollar Diplomacy
Attempt to secure Latin American and East Asian relationships by providing monetary loans.
Interventionism
A government policy or practice of doing things to directly influence the country’s economy or the political affairs of another country. (Ex. Bay of pigs invasion, Panama revolution.)
Liberalism
Belief in the value of social and political change in order to achieve progress.
New Deal
Roosevelt’s series of reforms to recover America from the great depression. Aimed to solve relief for the poor, farmers in danger of foreclosure, eliminate overproduction, and stabilize prices.
New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election.
Protectionism
Theory or practice of shielding a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the US may intervene in the affairs of an American Republic threatened with seizure or intervention by European country.
Square Deal
President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
Xenophobia
Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries. (Contributed to red scare & Cold War)
Yellow journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
In order to get Japanese to surrender in World War II, United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.
D-Day
Day of the invasion of Normandy beaches on June 6, 1944. Caused a change in the tide of the war.
Dust Bowl
A prolonged drought in the great plains area of the Midwest during the great depression. Led to agrarian unrest and the formation of the Farmers Holiday Association-which organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walk out by farmers in order to raise prices.
First Red Scare
The rounding up and deportation of several hundred immigrants of radical political views by the federal government in 1919 and 1920. This was caused by fears of communism in the United States after the Russian Revolution.
The Great Depression
In October 1929 the bottom fell out of the stock market. This was caused by carnage of the conflict of World War I, overproduction, deflation, unemployment, and business failures.
Harlem Renaissance
An African-American cultural movement of the 1920s and 30s that celebrated black traditions, the black voice, and black ways of life.
Manhattan Project
A research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II.
Palmer Raids
In early 1920 the government abandon all respect of civil liberties as its agents raided numerous facilities to arrest 4000 suspected radicals. 600 were deported. Caused by the red scare.
Potsdam Conference
In 1945 Stalin, Churchill, and Truman met in Potsdam, Germany to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Two anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of robbery and two murders in MA in the early 1920s and sentenced to death. This heighten the fears during the red scare.
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
1925 John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. He was convicted but the verdict was later reversed.
Sinking of the Lusitania
This led to the US involvement in World War I.
Spanish- American War
A war between Spain in the United States in 1898. As a result Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandon all claim to Cuba, which became independent in 1902.
Spanish Flu
Influenza that caused several waves of pandemic in 1918-1919, resulting in over 20 million deaths worldwide.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Due to the fact that Harding surrounded himself with corrupt advisors, oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands.
Yalta Conference
Conference held in 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchhill planned the final stages of WWII and agreed to the territorial division of Europe.
Zimmerman Telegram
US intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico that stated if Mexico were to declare war on the US, Germany would provide Mexico help in regaining the lands lost in the Mexican war. This caused the US to join World War I.
Allied Powers
Alliance between Britain, France, and Russia; later joined by the United States, in World War I.
American Expeditionary Force
Consisted of the US troops sent to Europe during World War I under the command of General John J. Pershing.
Axis Powers
World War II alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Bonus Expeditionary Force
A.k.a. the Bonus March. Popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 WWI veterans and their families who gathered in Washington DC in 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates.
Calvin Coolidge
30th US president who led the nation through the roaring 20s, a decade of dynamic, social, and cultural change, materialism and excess.
Clarence Darrow
US lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes like the Scopes trial.
Communist Party of America
A communist political party in the US, the largest Communist Party in the country established in 1919. The creation of this party heighten the fears of the red scare and lead to a mass deportation and arrestment of alleged communists.
Ernest Hemingway
Popular American novelist and short story writer who based many of the stories on his experiences during World War I, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II. He won the Nobel prize in literature in 1954.
Florence Kelley
A social and political reformer. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight hour workdays, and children’s rights is wildly regarded today.
Franklin D Roosevelt
A Democrat who’s package of federally supported public works social programs was known as the New Deal. He was so popular he was elected four times which led to the passage of the 22nd amendment, restricting presidents to two terms.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A 20th century American author known for his short stories and novels that characterized the Jazz age.
Harry Truman
Became president of the US after FDR died. He led the nation in the final months of WWII and made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.
Herbert Hoover
The 31st president of the US who’s term was notably marked by the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression.
Ida Tarbell
One of the leading muckrakers of the progressive era. Exposed industries.
Jane Addams
US social reformer, feminist, and pacifist, founded
the Hull House – a social settlement in Chicago.
Joseph Pulitzer
American newspaper publisher who introduced the techniques of yellow journalism.
Lost Generation
The generation reaching maturity during and just after World War I, high proportion of whose men were killed during those years.
Margaret Sanger
American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse.
Muckraker
Those who search for an expose corruption or scandal especially in politics.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
And African-American civil rights organization in the US formed in 1909 Moorefield Storey.
Progressive Party
A political party under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt advocating the popular control of government, Direct primaries, the initiative, the referendum, woman suffrage, etc.
Theodore Roosevelt
26th president of the United States. Hero of the Spanish-American war, Panama Canal was built during his administration. “Speak softly but carry a big stick.”
Tripartite Pact
Alliance agreement between Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The pact provided for mutual assistance should any of the signatories be attacked by any nation not already involved in the war.
Upton Sinclair
American muckraker whose book, The Jungle, exposed the deplorable conditions of the US meatpacking industry.
W. E. B. Du Bois
African American author and teacher who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the US as a leading Progressive, arguing for a stronger central government and funding for antitrust legislation and labor rights.
14 points
Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace delivered to Congress in 1918, before the end of World War I.
18th Amendment
Prohibited the production, transport, and sale of alcohol.
19th Amendment
Gave woman the right to vote.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production up to one half.
Civilian Conservation Corps.
Provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA like projects.
