AP EXAM CH. 10-13 Flashcards
Assembly line manufacturing
This type of production required workers to perform a single task over and over. Factories were dangerous with many injuries.
“Cross of Gold” Speech
William Jennings Bryan argued that an easy money supply would loosen the control that Northern banking interests held over the country. His campaign for president was based on “free silver” economy.
Economies of Sale
The lower their costs, the cheaper they could sell their products. The cheaper the product, the more they sold.
Ghost Dance
Prophet Wovoka promised his followers that, through proper ceremony and magic, federal expansion in the West Woodland and Indians would live peacefully. Lead to wounded knee massacre.
The Gilded Age
American politics looked like a shining example of representative democracy, but just beneath the surface lay corruption and patronage.
Laissez fair Economics
Hands off government.
Monopolies
Complete control of an entire industry.
The New South
South after the Civil War. Agriculture as the main form of labor, sharecropping, Jim Crow laws.
Political Bosses
Bosses helped poor find homes and jobs as well as citizenship and voting rights. In return, they expected community members to vote as they were instructed. Owned political machines.
Referendum
General vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
Social Darwinism
Using the Darwins theory of evolution as an analogy, Carnegie argued that in business, as in nature, unrestricted competition allowed only the “fittest” to survive.
Social Gospel
Christian faith practiced as a call not just to personal conversion but to social reform.
Gospel of Wealth
Article in which Carnegie advocated philanthropy, as by building libraries and museums or funding medical research, but not charity.
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Temperance
Act of a no drinking.
Tenement housing
Overly crowded apartment housing.
Trusts
An economic method that had other companies assign their stocks to the board of trust who would manage them. This made the head of the board wealthy and at the same time killed off competitors not in the trust. (This method was used and developed by Rockefeller)
Women’s suffrage
Woman’s right to vote. Led by Susan B Anthony. American suffrage Association.
Haymarket Square Riot
during an 1886 labor demonstration in Chicago’s Haymarket Square, a bomb went off, killing police. Blamed on the Knights of labor.
Homestead Strike
A bitterly fought labor dispute. 1892 workers struck the Carnegie steel company at Homestead, Pennsylvania to protest a proposed wage cut. This lead to a serious weakening of unionism in the steel industry.
Pullman Strike
Widespread railroad strike and boycott that disrupted traffic in the Midwest during 1894. It was the first time in injunction (an authoritative order) was used to break a strike. Led to the creation of the national holiday Labor Day.
Wounded Knee Massacre
During ghost dance movement many Sioux Indians met their bloody fate during a dispute started by cavalry troops intent on disarming members of the pine bridge reservation.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Led by Samuel Gompers. Focused on issues such as higher wages and shorter work days.
American Suffrage Association
Fought for woman’s suffrage amendments to state constitutions.
Andrew Carnegie
Steel bigwig who promoted social Darwinism and wrote the Gospel of wealth.
Booker T Washington
Founded the Tuskegee Institute, a vocational and industrial training school for blacks.
Boss Tweed
Political boss of Tamany Hall in New York City.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
An American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.
Edward Bellamy
American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A reformer and feminist who worked in close partnership with Susan B Anthony for woman’s suffrage.
Eugene V. Debs
Political leader of the late 19th and early 20th century. Deb was five times the presidential candidate of the Socialist party.
Farmers Alliances
Organization with the purpose of allowing farmers to buy machinery and sell crops as a group and therefore reap the benefits of economies of sale.
Frederick Jackson Turner
United States historian who stressed the role of the Western frontier in American history.
Henry George
American economist and social reformer who popularized the “single – tax” reform movement.
Ida Wells Barnett
And African American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, and an early leader in the civil rights movement.
John D Rockefeller
Owned the Monopoly of the standard oil industry during the gilded age.
John Muir
1892 naturalist who created the Sierra Club, one of the first large organizations devoted to conservation in the United States.
J.P. Morgan
An American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation.
Las Gorras Blancas
An active group in the New Mexico territory in response to Anglo American farmers and ranchers settling in the territory during the 1880s and 90s.
Knights of labor
First national labor union. Fought for 8 hour work day, equal pay for equal work, child labor laws, safety/sanitary codes, a federal income tax, and government ownership of railroad and telegraph lines.
Populist Party
A third-party movement that spring up in the 1890s and drew support from disgruntled farmers. Populists were particularly known for advocating the unlimited coinage of silver.
Samuel Gompers
Leader of the American Federation of labor
Susan B Anthony
Led the fight for women’s suffrage, convincing Congress to introduce a suffrage amendment to the constitution.
Thomas Edison
Invented the lightbulb. Edison’s work led to the development of power plants, extension of the workday, wider availability of electricity, and generated greater opportunities for mass production.
William Henry Seward
US politician who as
Secretary of State in 1867 arrange for the purchase of Alaska from Russia.
William Jennings Bryan
American politician with a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party. Advocated free silver and prosecuted John scoops for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school.
Chinese exclusion act
Suspended Chinese immigration and declaredChinese immigrants ineligible for naturalization as American citizens. This was due to complaints by workers on the West Coast that the competition from Chinese immigrants was driving down their wages.
Dawes act
Broke up reservations and distributed some of the land to the head of each native American family. It’s main goal was to accelerate the assimilation of Native Americans into Western society.
Department of the interior
Department of the US government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources, and the administration of programs related to Native Americans.
Interstate Commerce Act
Federal law designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly it’s monopolistic practices.
Jim Crow laws
Set of discriminatory laws against African-Americans in the south.
McKinley tariff
A protective tariff that raised the average duty on foreign imports to almost 50%. Tariff was to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. This tariff was harmful to southern and western farmers who sold their crops on unprotected markets. These farmers eventually formed the populist party.
Open door policy
America hope to gain entry into Asian markets and trade with Asia.
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
The purpose of the Pendleton act was to break the spoils system and improve the civil-service of the United States. Required that civil-service examinations were to be taken before applicants were given certain jobs.
Plessy vs Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal “ facilities for the different races was legal.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Forbade any combination or conspiracy in the restraint of trade. Outlawed monopolies.
Christian fundamentalism
Conservative movement among 19th and 20th century Christians who believed the statements in the Bible are literally true and argued against the theory of evolution.
Conservatism
General preference for the existing order of society and in opposition to bring about sharp change.
Court – packing
Roosevelt attempted to “pack the court” with justices who supported his policies. This scheme was rejected by Congress.
Dollar Diplomacy
Attempt to secure Latin American and East Asian relationships by providing monetary loans.
Interventionism
A government policy or practice of doing things to directly influence the country’s economy or the political affairs of another country. (Ex. Bay of pigs invasion, Panama revolution.)
Liberalism
Belief in the value of social and political change in order to achieve progress.
New Deal
Roosevelt’s series of reforms to recover America from the great depression. Aimed to solve relief for the poor, farmers in danger of foreclosure, eliminate overproduction, and stabilize prices.
New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election.
Protectionism
Theory or practice of shielding a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the US may intervene in the affairs of an American Republic threatened with seizure or intervention by European country.
Square Deal
President Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.
Xenophobia
Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries. (Contributed to red scare & Cold War)
Yellow journalism
Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.
Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
In order to get Japanese to surrender in World War II, United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan.
D-Day
Day of the invasion of Normandy beaches on June 6, 1944. Caused a change in the tide of the war.
Dust Bowl
A prolonged drought in the great plains area of the Midwest during the great depression. Led to agrarian unrest and the formation of the Farmers Holiday Association-which organized demonstrations and threatened a nationwide walk out by farmers in order to raise prices.
First Red Scare
The rounding up and deportation of several hundred immigrants of radical political views by the federal government in 1919 and 1920. This was caused by fears of communism in the United States after the Russian Revolution.
The Great Depression
In October 1929 the bottom fell out of the stock market. This was caused by carnage of the conflict of World War I, overproduction, deflation, unemployment, and business failures.
Harlem Renaissance
An African-American cultural movement of the 1920s and 30s that celebrated black traditions, the black voice, and black ways of life.
Manhattan Project
A research and development project that produced the first nuclear weapons during World War II.
Palmer Raids
In early 1920 the government abandon all respect of civil liberties as its agents raided numerous facilities to arrest 4000 suspected radicals. 600 were deported. Caused by the red scare.
Potsdam Conference
In 1945 Stalin, Churchill, and Truman met in Potsdam, Germany to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
Two anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of robbery and two murders in MA in the early 1920s and sentenced to death. This heighten the fears during the red scare.
Scopes “Monkey” Trial
1925 John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school. He was convicted but the verdict was later reversed.
Sinking of the Lusitania
This led to the US involvement in World War I.
Spanish- American War
A war between Spain in the United States in 1898. As a result Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam to the United States and abandon all claim to Cuba, which became independent in 1902.
Spanish Flu
Influenza that caused several waves of pandemic in 1918-1919, resulting in over 20 million deaths worldwide.
Teapot Dome Scandal
Due to the fact that Harding surrounded himself with corrupt advisors, oil companies bribed the secretary of the interior in order to drill on public lands.
Yalta Conference
Conference held in 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchhill planned the final stages of WWII and agreed to the territorial division of Europe.
Zimmerman Telegram
US intercepted a telegram from Germany to Mexico that stated if Mexico were to declare war on the US, Germany would provide Mexico help in regaining the lands lost in the Mexican war. This caused the US to join World War I.
Allied Powers
Alliance between Britain, France, and Russia; later joined by the United States, in World War I.
American Expeditionary Force
Consisted of the US troops sent to Europe during World War I under the command of General John J. Pershing.
Axis Powers
World War II alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Bonus Expeditionary Force
A.k.a. the Bonus March. Popular name of an assemblage of some 43,000 WWI veterans and their families who gathered in Washington DC in 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates.
Calvin Coolidge
30th US president who led the nation through the roaring 20s, a decade of dynamic, social, and cultural change, materialism and excess.
Clarence Darrow
US lawyer famous for his defense of lost causes like the Scopes trial.
Communist Party of America
A communist political party in the US, the largest Communist Party in the country established in 1919. The creation of this party heighten the fears of the red scare and lead to a mass deportation and arrestment of alleged communists.
Ernest Hemingway
Popular American novelist and short story writer who based many of the stories on his experiences during World War I, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II. He won the Nobel prize in literature in 1954.
Florence Kelley
A social and political reformer. Her work against sweatshops and for the minimum wage, eight hour workdays, and children’s rights is wildly regarded today.
Franklin D Roosevelt
A Democrat who’s package of federally supported public works social programs was known as the New Deal. He was so popular he was elected four times which led to the passage of the 22nd amendment, restricting presidents to two terms.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A 20th century American author known for his short stories and novels that characterized the Jazz age.
Harry Truman
Became president of the US after FDR died. He led the nation in the final months of WWII and made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan.
Herbert Hoover
The 31st president of the US who’s term was notably marked by the stock market crash of 1929 and the beginnings of the Great Depression.
Ida Tarbell
One of the leading muckrakers of the progressive era. Exposed industries.
Jane Addams
US social reformer, feminist, and pacifist, founded
the Hull House – a social settlement in Chicago.
Joseph Pulitzer
American newspaper publisher who introduced the techniques of yellow journalism.
Lost Generation
The generation reaching maturity during and just after World War I, high proportion of whose men were killed during those years.
Margaret Sanger
American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse.
Muckraker
Those who search for an expose corruption or scandal especially in politics.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
And African-American civil rights organization in the US formed in 1909 Moorefield Storey.
Progressive Party
A political party under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt advocating the popular control of government, Direct primaries, the initiative, the referendum, woman suffrage, etc.
Theodore Roosevelt
26th president of the United States. Hero of the Spanish-American war, Panama Canal was built during his administration. “Speak softly but carry a big stick.”
Tripartite Pact
Alliance agreement between Axis powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. The pact provided for mutual assistance should any of the signatories be attacked by any nation not already involved in the war.
Upton Sinclair
American muckraker whose book, The Jungle, exposed the deplorable conditions of the US meatpacking industry.
W. E. B. Du Bois
African American author and teacher who helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Woodrow Wilson
28th president of the US as a leading Progressive, arguing for a stronger central government and funding for antitrust legislation and labor rights.
14 points
Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace delivered to Congress in 1918, before the end of World War I.
18th Amendment
Prohibited the production, transport, and sale of alcohol.
19th Amendment
Gave woman the right to vote.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production up to one half.
Civilian Conservation Corps.
Provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA like projects.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Provides further clarification to the Sherman antitrust act. The act attempts to prohibit certain actions that lead to anti-competitiveness.
Emergency Banking Relief Bill
Attempt to stabilize the banking system after the great depression
Fair Labor Standards Act
US law which sets various labor regulations regarding interstate commerce employment, minimum wages, requirements for overtime pay and limitations on child labor.
FBI
Domestic intelligent security service in the US.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
An independent agency of the US federal government that preserves public confidence in the banking system by insuring deposits.
Federal Trade Commission
Federal agency that administers antitrust and consumer protection legislation in pursuit of free and fair competition in the marketplace.
Good neighbor policy
The US foreign policy doctrine, adopted by FDR, designed to improve relations with Latin America.
Hawley Smoot Tariff
The highest protective tariff in US history, actually worsened the economy during the Great Depression.
Emergency Quota Act of 1924
Set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against the “new immigrants” who came from Southern and Eastern Europe.
League of Nations
International organization established after World War I to protect worldwide piece.
Lend lease act
Permitted the United States to “lend”armaments to England, which no longer had money to buy the tools of war.
Most favored nation trade status
A country grants this clause to another nation if it is interested in increasing trade with that country. Countries achieving most favored nation status are given specific trade advantages such as reduced tariffs on imported goods.
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Law passed to regulate industry in an attempt to raise prices after severe deflation and to stimulate economic recovery.
Neutrality Acts
Laws passed to limit US involvement in future wars.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Platt Amendment
Essentially committed Cuba to American control. Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation without US approval, and the US had the right to intervene in Cuba’s affairs if domestic order dissolved.
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing units, and other civic necessities.
Schenck vs United States
Schenck, A prominent socialist and critic of American capitalism, argued that the draft for WWI was a violation of the 13th amendment, who’s ratification abolished slavery. The wording of the amendment, however, did not mention slavery but rather prohibited “involuntary servitude”.
Selective Service Act
Authorized the federal government to draft a national army for the American entry into World War I.
Social Security act
Law enacted by FDR in 1935 to create a system of transfer payments in which younger working people support older retired people.
Tennessee Valley Authority
A corporation created by the federal government in the Great Depression to promote the economic development of the Tennessee River and adjoining areas. The TVA is responsible for flood control, the generation of electric power, soil conservation, and economic development.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty that officially ended World War I. It required Germany to give up land and much of its army and navy and to pay extensive reparations for damages to civilians in the war. It also created the League of Nations.
United Nations
Replaced the League of Nations after World War II. The allies agreed to create the United Nations to mediate future international disputes.
Washington Naval conference
In 1921, the world’s largest naval powers gathered in Washington DC for a conference to discuss Navel disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia.
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Generated more than 8 million jobs, all paid for by the government.
Baby boom
Increase in birthrate after World War II.
Blacklisting
Concerted action by employers to deny employment to someone suspected of unacceptable opinions or behavior.
Black Power
Prominent movement in the 60s and 70s in support of rights and political power for black people.
Communism
Political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Containment
Truman’s foreign-policy to prevent the spread of communism.
Decolonization
The act of getting rid of colonization, or freeing a country from being dependent on another country.
Détente
Policy of “openness” that called for countries to respect each other’s differences and cooperate more closely. Nixon wanted this between US and Soviet union after Cold War.
Domino theory
Theory that if one country fell to Communism, its surrounding countries would also fall.
Fair Deal
An ambitious set of proposals put forward by US President Harry Truman to continue and develop the principles of the New Deal.
The Great Society
Johnson’s social agenda. Increased tax revenues, expanding economy, increasing government activity, and the extension of civil rights.
Mutually assured destruction (MAD)
Military strategy and security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by opposing sides would cause complete annihilation. This knowledge prevented both the Soviet union and US from trying anything to daring during the Cold War.
New Frontier
Kennedys domestic policy. Increased unemployment benefits, expanded Social Security, increased minimum wage, and aided distressed farmers.
Proxy Wars
A war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved. US fought these in Korea and Vietnam during the Cold War.
The Silent Majority
Nixon appeal to this “silent majority” when he ran for office. These were Americans who did not fully embrace the cultural and political changes of the 60s and 70s.
Space Race
Competition between US and Soviet union regarding achievements in the field of space exploration.
Truman Doctrine
Policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. This became known as the policy of “containment” during Cold War.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
See a plan to invade Cuba, start a revolution, have the Cuban people rise up in support, overthrow Castro, and replace his government with one more acceptable to the US. The invasion failed.
Berlin blockade
Soviet’s imposed a blockade on Berlin, Truman refused to surrender and sent supplies by air.
Cuban missile crisis
American spy planes detected missile sites in Cuba. Kennedy impose a naval quarantine on Cuba to prevent any further weapon shipments from reaching the island, and then went on national television and demanded Soviets to withdraw their missiles. Soviets agreed to remove their missiles if the United States agreed to remove it’s missiles from Turkey.
Kent State Massacre
For protesters at Kent State University in Ohio who were protesting the US decision to invade Vietcong camps in neutral Cambodia were killed by guardsmen.
Korean War
First “hot war” of the Cold War. Began in 1951 when the Soviet backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counteroffensive by UN forces, dominated by the US. The war ended in a stalemate in 1953.
Middle East Oil Crisis
An oil embargo organized by Arab nations against the US increased fuel prices, which in turn caused the price of almost everything to rise. Inflation lead to an increase in unemployment rate.
Montgomery bus boycott
Began when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. Outrage over the arrest spurred blacks to stay off Montgomery buses for more than a year.
My Lai Massacre
Frustrated US soldiers in South Vietnam abused, tortured, and murdered and estimated 400 innocent civilians. In response, Johnson announced that he would begin peace negotiations with the North Vietnamese government.
Suez Crisis
Israel, backed by Soviet Union, invaded Egypt, followed by Britain and France, in an effort to gain control of the Suez canal. President Eisenhower played the “good cop” and pressured Britain and France to withdraw. This led the US government to use CIA covert operations for a more forceful method of increasing its influence abroad.
Tet Offensive
North Vietnamese inflicted tremendous damage on American forces and nearly captured the American Embassy in the South Vietnamese capital. Major turning point in Vietnam war. Led to the My Lai Massacre.
Watergate scandal
“Plumbers”- nixon’s team of investigators. During 1972 election, plumbers sabotaged several Democratic campaign’s and botched a burglary of Democratic headquarters at Watergate Hotel. The White House tried to cover up the scandal, and failed which led to the resignation of Nixon from office.
Alger Hiss
Public official who is accused and implosions for having been a secret agent for the Soviet Union during the 1930s.
Black Panther
Member of a militant political organization set up in the US in 1966 to fight for black rights.
Dixiecrats
segregationist Democrats against Truman and his advances with Civil Rights
Douglas MacArthur
US general. Supreme commander of the Allied forces in WWII and of UN forces in Korea.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th President during 1950’s - time of conformity. He sought to balance the budget, cut federal spending, and ease government regulation of business.
Earl Warren
Supreme Court Justice of “Warren Court.” worked to enforce voting rights for black. He expanded civil rights, prohibited school prayer, and protected privacy rights.
Fidel Castro
Led a group of insurgents who overthrew a US friendly dictatorship in Cuba. Became comminust leader of Cuba.
Freedom Riders
A group of northern idealists active in the civil rights movement. They rode buses into the South in the early 60’s in order to challenge racial segregation.
George Wallace
Political leader and governor of Alabama who resisted integration and promised to “stand at the schoolhouse door” to prevent blacks from admission to the University of Alabama. The National Guard eventually forced him to back down.
General Ford
Became President when Nixon resigned. Ford gave Nixon a presidential pardon during the Watergate Scandal, preventing a trial.
Gloria Steinem
Political activist and organizer Of the 60’s who has urged equal opportunity for women and the breaking of gender roles.
Henry Kissinger
As Secretary of State under Nixon, Kissinger prepared for the opening of diplomatic relations between the US and China.
Ho Chi Minh
Led the national Vietnamese resistance against the French. Asked Wilson multiple times to honor his commitment to the right of nations to self-determination, but Wilson refused.
Jimmy Carter
39th President during times of increased OPEC petroleum (inflation, increased interest rates on loans). He implemented the Department of energy to find an alternative power source.
John F. Kennedy
34th President. He led the US through the Cuban Missile Crisis and Cold War. Domestic policy = New Frontier. Worked to enforce gender equality and civil rights.
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State under president Eisenhower who developed a US foreign policy that was strongly opposed to the USSR and communism.
Joseph McCarthy
Republican senator who accused more than 200 people of being communist. Heightened the fears during the Cold War. McCarthy’s downfall occurred when he began accusing the Army of harboring communists.
Joseph Stalin
Soviet political leader during the 20th century. Stalin’s expansion of soviet influence after WWII contributed to the Cold War.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Became president after the assassination of JFK. Made an early commitment to the civil rights movement. Johnson’s social agenda = “Great Society” = increase in government activity.
Malcolm X
Advocated an aggressive approach for black equality.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Influential during the civil rights movement and the Montgomery bus boycott. Encouraged peaceful protests.
Mao Zedong
Communist leader of China.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Formed in 1966 to fight for legislative changes. Led to the Equal Rights Amendment (which didn’t do much as businesses were able to work around it).
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet leader after Stalin. De-Stalinization. Urged peaceful coexistence with western nations, however suppressed resistance to communist government. Gave Cuba missiles (Cuban missile crisis).
Rachel Carson
Wrote Silent Spring, which brought attention to the widespread use of the chemical pesticide DDT. This led to the ban of DDT and the Clean Air Act of 1955, which controlled the use of airborne contaminants.
Richard Nixon
Entered office promising to end American involvement in Vietnam. First president to travel to communist China- this trip eased tensions and opened up trade relations. Foreign policy of “détente.” Worsened American economy and resigned from office early due to watergate scandal.
Phyllis Schlafly
Lobbied against the Equal Rights amendment. Claimed it would lead to the conscription of women into war, negatively affect women in divorce cases, and allow men entry into women’s only colleges and clubs.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Civil rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King JR.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Part of the New Left movement. Ideals included the elimination of poverty and racism and an end to Cold War politics.
Thurmond Marshall
First African American Supreme Court justice.
Vietcong
Name for south Vietnamese citizens who joined the communist north Vietnamese side.
Bakke vs University of California
Supreme Court ruled that universities were entitled to consider race as a factor in admissions.
Brown vs Board of Education
Supreme Court turned overturned the ruling made in Plessy vs Ferguson and deemed segregation illegal.
Camp David Accords
President Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt to Camp David and personally brokered a peace agreement between the two nations.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
US federal agency that coordinates governmental intelligence activities outside of the US.
Civil Rights Act
Outlawed discrimination based on a persons color, race, or gender. Prohibited discrimination in employment as well as public facilities.
Geneva Accords
Divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with communist forces controlling north Vietnam and democratic forces controlling south Vietnam.
Gideon vs Wainwright
Supreme Court ruled that the constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants that cannot afford lawyers themselves.
Griswold vs Connecticut
Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment to the constitution guarantees a right to privacy.
Interstate Highway Act
Authorized the construction of I-95. This made it easier to move soldiers and weapon around during war and also increased travel time, promoted tourism, and increased the growth of suburbs.
Marshall Plan
Sent more than $12 billion to Europe to help rebuild its cities and economy after WWII.
Miranda vs Arizona
Supreme Court ruled that criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
National Security Council
Governmental body specifically designed to assist the president in integrating all spheres of national security policy. NSC also directs the CIA.
Peace Corps
Provides technical assistance and helps people outside of the US to understand American culture. Also helps Americans understand the cultures of different countries.
Roe vs Wade
Supreme Court ruled that the constitution protected a women’s right to an abortion during the first trimester.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Alliance between several southeast Asian countries against the growing communism influence in the south east.
Taft Harley Act
Prohibited “union only” work environments, restricted labor’s right to strike, prohibited the use of union funds for political purposes, and gave the government broad power to intervene in strikes.
Voting rights Act
Eliminated various devices, such a s literacy tests, that had been used to restrict voting by black people.
Wars powers resolution
Federal law intended to check the president’s power to commit the US to an armed conflict without the consent of congress.
Dixiecrats
segregationist Democrats against Truman and his advances with Civil Rights
Douglas MacArthur
US general. Supreme commander of the Allied forces in WWII and of UN forces in Korea.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th President during 1950’s - time of conformity. He sought to balance the budget, cut federal spending, and ease government regulation of business.
Earl Warren
Supreme Court Justice of “Warren Court.” worked to enforce voting rights for black. He expanded civil rights, prohibited school prayer, and protected privacy rights.
Fidel Castro
Led a group of insurgents who overthrew a US friendly dictatorship in Cuba. Became comminust leader of Cuba.
Freedom Riders
A group of northern idealists active in the civil rights movement. They rode buses into the South in the early 60’s in order to challenge racial segregation.
George Wallace
Political leader and governor of Alabama who resisted integration and promised to “stand at the schoolhouse door” to prevent blacks from admission to the University of Alabama. The National Guard eventually forced him to back down.
General Ford
Became President when Nixon resigned. Ford gave Nixon a presidential pardon during the Watergate Scandal, preventing a trial.
Gloria Steinem
Political activist and organizer Of the 60’s who has urged equal opportunity for women and the breaking of gender roles.
Henry Kissinger
As Secretary of State under Nixon, Kissinger prepared for the opening of diplomatic relations between the US and China.
Ho Chi Minh
Led the national Vietnamese resistance against the French. Asked Wilson multiple times to honor his commitment to the right of nations to self-determination, but Wilson refused.
Jimmy Carter
39th President during times of increased OPEC petroleum (inflation, increased interest rates on loans). He implemented the Department of energy to find an alternative power source.
John F. Kennedy
34th President. He led the US through the Cuban Missile Crisis and Cold War. Domestic policy = New Frontier. Worked to enforce gender equality and civil rights.
John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State under president Eisenhower who developed a US foreign policy that was strongly opposed to the USSR and communism.
Joseph McCarthy
Republican senator who accused more than 200 people of being communist. Heightened the fears during the Cold War. McCarthy’s downfall occurred when he began accusing the Army of harboring communists.
Joseph Stalin
Soviet political leader during the 20th century. Stalin’s expansion of soviet influence after WWII contributed to the Cold War.
Lyndon B. Johnson
Became president after the assassination of JFK. Made an early commitment to the civil rights movement. Johnson’s social agenda = “Great Society” = increase in government activity.
Malcolm X
Advocated an aggressive approach for black equality.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Influential during the civil rights movement and the Montgomery bus boycott. Encouraged peaceful protests.
Mao Zedong
Communist leader of China.
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Formed in 1966 to fight for legislative changes. Led to the Equal Rights Amendment (which didn’t do much as businesses were able to work around it).
Nikita Khrushchev
Soviet leader after Stalin. De-Stalinization. Urged peaceful coexistence with western nations, however suppressed resistance to communist government. Gave Cuba missiles (Cuban missile crisis).
Rachel Carson
Wrote Silent Spring, which brought attention to the widespread use of the chemical pesticide DDT. This led to the ban of DDT and the Clean Air Act of 1955, which controlled the use of airborne contaminants.
Richard Nixon
Entered office promising to end American involvement in Vietnam. First president to travel to communist China- this trip eased tensions and opened up trade relations. Foreign policy of “détente.” Worsened American economy and resigned from office early due to watergate scandal.
Phyllis Schlafly
Lobbied against the Equal Rights amendment. Claimed it would lead to the conscription of women into war, negatively affect women in divorce cases, and allow men entry into women’s only colleges and clubs.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Civil rights organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King JR.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Part of the New Left movement. Ideals included the elimination of poverty and racism and an end to Cold War politics.
Thurmond Marshall
First African American Supreme Court justice.
Vietcong
Name for south Vietnamese citizens who joined the communist north Vietnamese side.
Bakke vs University of California
Supreme Court ruled that universities were entitled to consider race as a factor in admissions.
Brown vs Board of Education
Supreme Court turned overturned the ruling made in Plessy vs Ferguson and deemed segregation illegal.
Camp David Accords
President Carter invited the leaders of Israel and Egypt to Camp David and personally brokered a peace agreement between the two nations.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
US federal agency that coordinates governmental intelligence activities outside of the US.
Civil Rights Act
Outlawed discrimination based on a persons color, race, or gender. Prohibited discrimination in employment as well as public facilities.
Geneva Accords
Divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel, with communist forces controlling north Vietnam and democratic forces controlling south Vietnam.
Gideon vs Wainwright
Supreme Court ruled that the constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants that cannot afford lawyers themselves.
Griswold vs Connecticut
Supreme Court ruled that the 1st amendment to the constitution guarantees a right to privacy.
Interstate Highway Act
Authorized the construction of I-95. This made it easier to move soldiers and weapon around during war and also increased travel time, promoted tourism, and increased the growth of suburbs.
Marshall Plan
Sent more than $12 billion to Europe to help rebuild its cities and economy after WWII.
Miranda vs Arizona
Supreme Court ruled that criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.
National Security Council
Governmental body specifically designed to assist the president in integrating all spheres of national security policy. NSC also directs the CIA.
Peace Corps
Provides technical assistance and helps people outside of the US to understand American culture. Also helps Americans understand the cultures of different countries.
Roe vs Wade
Supreme Court ruled that the constitution protected a women’s right to an abortion during the first trimester.
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Alliance between several southeast Asian countries against the growing communism influence in the south east.
Taft Harley Act
Prohibited “union only” work environments, restricted labor’s right to strike, prohibited the use of union funds for political purposes, and gave the government broad power to intervene in strikes.
Voting rights Act
Eliminated various devices, such a s literacy tests, that had been used to restrict voting by black people.
Wars powers resolution
Federal law intended to check the president’s power to commit the US to an armed conflict without the consent of congress.
“Don’t ask don’t tell”
Clinton’s policy regarding gays in the US military.
Glasnost
Soviet leader Gorbachev’s policy of openness
Libertarianism
An extreme laissez-faire political philosophy advocating only minimal state intervention in the lives of citizens.
Neoconservatism
A movement in sharp opposition to the conservatism of prior republican administrations. Promoted the idea of spreading democracy worldwide, putting American corporate interests first through the use of military actions abroad, global trade, and open immigration.
Paleoconservatism
Conservative political philosophy stressing traditional politics, limited government, and civil society.
Perestroika
Soviet leader Gorbachev’s economic policy of reconstruction.
“Read my lips. No new taxes!”
George H. W. Bush, when president, called for a kinder, gentler nation, no new taxes, liberalism, feminism, and traditionalism.
Stagflation
Combination of both high inflation and high unemployment rates.
Supply-side Economics
If corporate taxes were reduced, those corporations would earn greater profits. These corporations would use these profits to buy new equipment and hire more employers. As a result wealth would “trickle down” by creating more jobs and reinvigorating the economy.
War On Terror
Name given to the actions taken by the US, Britain, and other countries to destroy international terrorist groups, especially al-Qaeda and the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.
9/11
Terrorist groups sent planes into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on 9/11/01.
Afghanistan War
Afghanistan rebels vs Soviet supported Afghanistan government, the US supported the rebels in order to try and overthrow the communist government and prevent the spread of communism. War ended in 1989 when Soviet leader Gorbachev signed a peace treaty with Afghanistan.
Iraq War
US went to war with Iraq after its leader, Saddam Hussein kicked out UN weapon inspectors because he was building weapons of mass destruction. Hussein was overthrown.
Iran-Contra Affair
Scandal during the presidency of Reagan. It was revealed that during the 1980’s the US secretly arranged arms sales to Iran in return for promises of Iranian assistance in securing the release of Americans held hostage in Lebanon.
Iran Hostage Crisis
Militants in Iran seized 66 American citizens at the US embassy, holding 52 of them hostage for more than a year.
Monica Lewinsky Scandal
president Clinton was accused of having sexual relations with 22 year old intern, Monica Lewinsky. He denied having these relations.
Oklahoma City Bombing
Destruction of a federal office building in Oklahoma City in 1995 by a truck loaded with explosives. 168 were killed. Timothy McVeigh, a former US soldier, and two conspirators were convicted of the crime.
Persian Gulf War
War fought between Iraq and a coalition led by the US that freed Kuwait from Iraqi invaders. 1990-1991.
Whitewater Scandal
Real estate controversy involving Clinton and his wife Hillary.
Al Gore
Vice President under Clinton
Bill Clinton
Democratic president. His involvement in numerous scandals led him to be impeached.
George H W Bush
41st president. “No new taxes.” Ending of Cold War, Persian Gulf War.
George W. Bush
43rd President. Ride in neoconservatism, urban riots, evangelicalism.
Mikhial Gorbachev
Leader of Soviet Union. Perestroika and glasnost.
Ronald Reagan
40th president. Stressed the positive aspects of America, “can do” attitude. Supply side economics, New federalism. Negotiated a withdrawal of nuclear warheads from Europe with Gorbachev.
Citizens United vs Federal election Commission
Restored the first amendment protection to political speech. Small businesses, corporations, unions, and membership based organizations now have a voice in public discourse.
North American free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
Agreement among the US, Canada, an dMexico designed to remove tariff barriers between the three countries.
Simpson-Mazzoli Act
Reformed US immigration law.
