AP Exam 2 Immune System, Digestive, Respiratory System

Question 1

This organ is not par of the urinary system, but it makes an important hormone, aldosterone, that promotes K+ secretion and stimulates the uptake of Na+ and water by the kidneys.
This endocrine organ also prod epinephrine and cortisol, hormones of the stress response, as well as testosterone (in both men and women).

Answer 1

Adrenal Gland

Question 2

This tube drains urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
This tube is where most kidney stones lodge after flowing out of the pelvis of the kidney.

Answer 2

Ureter

Question 3

This tube drains or voids urine from the bladder.
In a female, the tube ends anterior to the vagina.
In a male, the tube passes through the prostrate gland and then the penis and is used for the passage of semen during ejaculation in addition to urine-voiding during urination.

Answer 3

Urethra

Question 4

This organ filters blood (about 180 liters/day) and produces urine (about 1 liter/day).
This organ also makes the hormone EPO which stimulates erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) by red bone marrow.
When low blood pressure is detected, it also releases an enzyme called renin to activate a cascade that eventually promotes the activation of angiotensis II and the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland.

Answer 4

Kidney

Question 5

This smooth-muscular sac stores urine and then contracts to push the urine out during voiding.

Answer 5

Urinary Bladder

Question 6

This vessel connects the abdominal aorta to the kidney, supplying it with waste filled blood ( constantly produced metabolic waste include creatinine, urea, and uric acid).

Answer 6

Renal artery

Question 7

This vessel connects the kidney to the inferior vena cava to return filtered blood to circulation.

Answer 7

Renal Vein

Question 8

In this outer part of the kidney, blood is filtered and the filtrate is processed by the functional units of the kidney - the 1-3 million nephrons.

Answer 8

Renal Cortex

Question 9

These “ancient Egyptian” medulla structures collect urine made in the cortex and drain it from their tips into the funnels of the pelvis.

The cells lining the collecting tubules in these structures have receptors for the hypothalamic hormone, ADH. when stimulated by ADH, the cells upregulate aquaporin channels to recover more water from the passing filtrate.

Answer 9

Renal Pyramid

Question 10

These inward extensions of cortical tissue contain segmental arteries and veins supplying the outer cortex and separate the medullary pyramids.

The nephrons found in the cortical tissue are called juxtamedullary nephrons and their loop of Henle deeply invade the medullary pyramids and are particularly important in water recovery.

Answer 10

Renal Column

Question 11

The name of this structure means “basin” and it collects urine from its branching funnels. The urine then drains into the ureter.

This basin actually is a broad extension of the ureter itself. It also is the zone where kidney stones usually form before entering the ureter.

Answer 11

Renal Pelvis

Question 12

This muscular tube squeezes urine by peristaltic waves down to the bladder.

As urine enters and distends the wall, the tube’s smooth muscle layer is stimulated to contract and push urine into the urinary bladder. Urine does NOT reach the urinary bladder by gravity alone.

Answer 12

Ureter

Question 13

This small funnel collects urine coming out of the tip of a pyramid and channels it into the pelvis.

There is a minor funnel associated with the tip (apex or papilla) of each pyramid, each draining urine into one of the 3 major funnels that the drain the urine into the pelvis.

Answer 13

Calyx

Question 14

In what order do the following go in for the route of metabolic wastes:
Cortex
Medullary pyramid
Calyx
Pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

Answer 14

1,2,3,4,5,6,7

Question 15

This ball of fenestrated blood capillaries is the filter. The material that leaves the bloodstream through this filter is called the filtrate.

The capillary is covered by podocytes which contribute to the filtration by creating filtration slits between their foot processes.

Answer 15

Glomerulus

Question 16

This hollow ball collects the filtrate coming out of the glomerulus and drains it into the proximal convoluted tubule.

Answer 16

Glomerular capsule

Question 17

This long, wiggly tube reabsorbs glucose, Na+ ions, amino acids, water, and other valuable materials, returning them to the blood.

The cells of this tube are filled with mitochondria to supply the ATP necessary to run the pumps in the cells membrane for this recovery effort.

Answer 17

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 18

This part of the nephron is named for its shape and recovers water from the filtrate.

Loop diuretics for hypertension target this area to prevent water recovery, leading to a lowering of blood volume, which lowers blood pressure (the patient urinates a lot).

Answer 18

Loop of Henle

Question 19

This little tube helps maintain pH homeostasis by secreting H+ ions into the filtrate and helps maintain K+ homeostasis. It is the end of the nephron. Aldosterone has an effect in this part of the nephron.

Answer 19

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

This duct is found in the pyramids of the medulla. It can retrieve water from the urine only when ADH –released from the posterior pituitary gland as a result of low blood volume–docks onto ADH receptors on the surface of these cells.

Answer 20

Collecting duct

Question 21

This structure measures blood pressure and influences the release of the enzyme renin to activate the angiotensin-aldosterone cascade to raise blood pressure for effective filtration.

Answer 21

Juxtaglomerular complex