AP EXAM Flashcards
Situation with one goal that has desirable and undesirable aspects, a pro and a con — makes one unsure
Approach-avoidance conflict
Adolescents developing a sense of identity, exploring different social roles
Erikson’s stage of identity vs role confusion
Transferring emotion burden from one entity to another, blaming someone else for something bad
Defense mechanism of displacement
When a person has been under stress for such a long time that it weakens their immune system
Exhaustion stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
Releases cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine during fight or flight
Adrenal Gland
Branches extending from the cell body that receive chemical messages via neurotransmitters
Dendrites
Long tube-like extension that sends electrical message (action potential) away from the cell body of the neuron
Axon
Regularly spaced gaps in myelin sheath along the axon that enable ion exchange
Nodes of Ranvier
Extremely narrow space between terminal button of the sending neuron and the receptor site of the receiving dendrite — location of neurotransmission
Synapse
Pleasure, reward, movement, learning, attention
Lack: Parkinson’s
Excess: Schizophrenia
Dopamine
Memory and movement
Lack: Alzheimer’s
Excess: Muscle Convulsions
Acetylcholine (AcH)
Mood, appetite, sleep
Lack: Depression, eating disorders, sleep wake disorders, aggression
Serotonin
Mood and sleep
Lack: Depression
Excess: Anxiety
Norepinephrine
Memory and learning
Excess: Migraines and Seizures
Glutamate
Relaxation and sleep, major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Lack: Anxiety, seizures, insomnia
GABA
Inhibit pain signals
Lack: lower pain threshold, heroin and opioid addiction
Excess: higher pain threshold, runners high
Endorphins
Automatic survival functions, send and receive information, damage will result in death
Brainstem
“Little Brain” Balance and coordination, fine motor movements, procedural memory
Cerebellum
Sleep and arousal, dreams, facial expressions, a pillow atop the brain stem
Pons
Survival functions, heartbeat, breathing, digestion, reflexes, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, swallowing
Medulla ❤️
Arousal to stimuli, attentiveness, filters incoming stimuli - damage causes coma
Reticular formation
Smooth voluntary body movements, lack of dopamine hurts and causes Parkinson’s
Basal Ganglia
Filters and relays sensory information except smell to appropriate parts of cerebral cortex, banker that manages all the money
Thalamus
Three parts of the limbic system
Hippocampus, Amyglada, Hypothalamus
Relays information between two hemispheres of the brain
Corpus callosum
Conscious thoughts and actions, working memory, short term and long term planning
Prefrontal cortex
Controls facial muscle movements required for speech production
Broca’s Area
Touch and body position, left controls sensation for right side of body, and right controls sensation for left side of body
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Language comprehension, meaningful statements
Wernicke’s Area
Classical Conditioning Person
Pavlov
Operant conditioning person
Skinner
Learning theory person
Thorndike
Behaviorists
Watson and Garcia
Wolfgang Kohler, unique solutions, “aha” moment
Insight learning
Thinking about thinking
Metacognition
Memory that registers auditory info
Echoic memory
Memory that registers visual info
Iconic memory
Declarative, when we try to consciously recall information
Explicit memory
Non-declarative, info we unintentionally remember
Implicit memory
Remembering to do or not do something in the future
Prospective memory
Herman Ebbinghouse’s idea that memory deteriorates over time and needs reinforcement to remmeber
Forgetting Curve
Elizabeth Loftus’ idea of how memory changes by what one is told
Misinformation effect
Associating memory with something in a familiar place, mneumonic
Method of Loci
Making a conclusion about someone based on past knowledge/prototype/schema — assuming a nurse is a woman
Representative heuristic
Things easy to recall, assuming your plane will crash because you heard a crash on the news the day before
Availability heuristic
Only looking for information that support your beliefs and ignore the information that goes against beliefs
Confirmation Bias
Cultural norms on how to express an emotion
Display Rules
Thinking about information in a meaningful way to remember it better, remembering a number by associating it with an address
Semantic encoding
Structuralism Person
Edward Titchner
Functionalism person
William James
Physiological arousal then emotion
James Lange Theory
Physiological and emotion at same time
Cannon Bard Theory
Physiological arousal then identifying reason using a cognitive to be label - then emotion
Schachter Singer (two factor)
