Ap Europeon History: First Semester "Top 100" (1453-1812) Flashcards
Reconquista
1492- expelling of all non catholics in Spain and the uniting of the families of Isabella and Ferdinand (Aragon +Castile)
Humanism
The fixation of mankind/Beauty of the human form/ the practical everyday life and the individual; Petrarch “ Father of Humanism”, greatly stressed during the Renaissance and revived/ exaggerated in Baroque
Renaissance
Revival of classical, greco-roman, Latin art. Focusing on humanism, individualism and secularism
Hanseatic League
german commercial/military association. Flanders: Crossroad for Hans. traded Flanders Fleet of Venice. Transatlantic discovery for states near ocean = fall of city states; controlled wood, fish,
grain, metal, honey, wine
Machiavelli
wrote The Prince in 1513 describing how rulers should be selfish and do whatever it takes to climb the political ladder; “reason of the state”/ Be a ruthless politician
Leonardo Da Vinci
Italian Renaissance man: painter, inventor extraordinaire; Mona Lisa 1503, Last Supper 1498, Vitruvian Man 1492; could use all the art skills: symmetry OR asymmetry
Brunelleschi
A Renaissance architect who created Il Duomo in Florence, the Pazzi Chapel, and the Medici-sponsored Basilica di San Lorenzo, using decorative architecture pieces like cornices and pediments
Donatello
Renaissance artist who created the first, bronze sculpture of David, which was a symbol for Italian strength and nationalism. used Contrapposto: twist = realism
Rafeal
Renaissance artist who created the commissioned School of Athens in 1510, which was about the center of Ancient Greek thought, Athens, and the Philosophers (from different time periods) gathered together.
Johannes Gutenberg
Renaissance artist who created the commissioned School of Athens in 1510, which was about the center of Ancient Greek thought, Athens, and the Philosophers (from different time periods) gathered together.
Michelangeo
Italian Renaissance artist who painted the massive Sistine Chapel ceiling, under threat of the Pope, and created the large, humanist-ly perfect marble David in 1504.
Pope Leo X
The son of Italian banker Lorenzo Medici, who was put into the position of archbishop at age 8 and Pope at age 37, and commissioned Rafael
Henry VII (England)
Tudor
Francis I of France
Valois, Obtained the help of the Ottoman Empire in order for France to renew its contest for Italy during the Italian Wars. Francis won after Francesco II Sforza had fallen and Charles V had signed for Treaty of Crepy
Jan Van Eyck
Northern Renaissance, “Arnolfini Wedding and His Wife”mastery of detail and realism
Lorenzo/Cosimo de Medici
Famous Bankers in Florence; began as clothing>commerce>real estate>banking; bad leadership/ loans and being expelled from France led to their downfall
Francesco Sforza
An Italian Condotteri, a warlord or leader of mercenaries that could be paid/ contracted. He ruled over Milan and threatened to take all land around it. Although he and his successor were defeated in the Italian Wars.
Erasmus
The Handbook of the Christian Knight; The Praise of the Folly; reform system; religion should be simplistic; inner religious faith (disliked Luther)
John Hus
The Leader of Hussites; helped in the protestant movement a century before Martin Luther; His followers the Hussites fought through 5 consecutive Papal Crusades known as “The Hussite Wars”
Thomas More
The writer of “Utopia”
Martin Luther
The creator of Lutheranism and fought for separation Protestantism in order to separate it’s self with the corrupt roman catholic
Charles V (HRE)
Sack or Rome? Fought against Francis I (France) In the Italian Wars/
Peace of Augsburg
schmalkaldic wars resolution, Lutheranism is allowed
Jean Calvin
Founder of Calvinism( Weber thesis: Calvinism + Capitilism)
Ulrich Zwingli
Founder of Zwinglism, Radical Catholics
Henry VIII (England)
Act of Supremacy= The king is the one true ruler over state and church; Separating England from Catholic Church;
Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a warrior wounded in battle that went through religious conversion; wrote Spiritual Exercises to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ; Approved by Pope Paul III; served as God’s “soldiers”
Council of Trent
stop the church’s corruption; indulgences, corrupted bishops and unruly church spendings
French Wars of Religion
Catholics Vs Huguenots; St Bartholomew’s Day religious/ dynastic conflict; believed to have been started be Catherine de Medici
Henri IV (France)
fought in FWoR; Henry of Navarre; switched from protestantism to catholicism for support after his succesion to throne when his cousin Henry the III died with no heir; had a high amount or religious tolerance (Edict of Nantes allowing religious liberties)
Edict of Nantes
Approved by Henry IV of France/ promoted civil unity; Allowed the Huguenots (Calvinists Protestants of France) rights to be called catholic still; allowing them to stay
Elizabeth I ( England)
Virgin, the English Book of Common Prayer, Defeated the Spanish Armada in
Puritans
Radical Catholics in England; similar to calvinists
Old Imperialism
Taking foreign Land for an Empire
Magellan
saled aroung the world, first to attempt to circumnavigate
Columbus
Italian, found America (mistaked for India)
Price revolution
Influx of gold/ Silver +Rising European Population led to the steady rise of prices in 16th century; i.e more gold makes gold worth less
Joint-Stock Company
We all own- Parts of company
Mercantilism
economic theory the the total volume of global goods was unchangeable; therefore gold (bullion) should flow in, exports sold out, and favorable balance of trade should be maintained
Witchcraft
the magic of women, midwives/treason
30 yr’s War
Catholics vs Protestants. P1: Bohemian, P2: Danish Phase, P3 Swedish Phase, P4 French Phase. Peace of Westphalia: The princes decide the religion
Absolutism
The Monarchy is the Divine ruler over church and state.
Richelieu
Louis XIV’s 1st regent. “Raisin d’état” or reason of the state; helped during the 30 years war; decided to go against the HRE
Mazarin
Helped during Louis xvi to crush the Fronde
Fredrick the Great of Prussia
Fritz, The war of Austrian Succession, the 7 Years War, Heavily Militaristic enlightened absolutist
Versailles
The Nobles Palace/ Playground by Louis XIV. Contained 2,000 bedrooms and over 600 water fountains; main artistic style Baroque/Roccoco
English Civil War
Parliament ( Cromwell ) Vs Monarchy Charles I of England
[* “James the 1st did the Bible,
Charles I was Parliament’s rival,
Charles II disemboweled Cromwell,
& James the 2nd said farewell”*]
-written by Andrew Genshaft/ Courtesy of Tara Nash
Oliver Cromwell
member of parliament;Fought against Charles I of England; after taking out monarchy became corrupted and turned against parliament and ignoring them to become a dictator; died but body take by Charles II in revenge for his family
Thomas Hobbes
the writer of the Leviathan; called for need of Absolutism/ Machiavelli be a ruthless leader
Phillip II of Spain
the most Catholic King, married to Elizabeth I
Peter the Great
Grand would Tour ( Europe) Reformed Russia to be more western instead of stuck in the past; coup d’etat by his wife Catherine the Great; fought in great northern wars that fought for access to the baltic sea for trade; fought Sweden and Poland for it ; won with treaty of Nystadt, taking control of Lithuania, Estonia and Ingria
Glorious Revolution
1688, the Stuarts leave the english throne peacfully/diplomaticlly + no blood shed
Baroque/Rococo
styles during Versailles, focused on the power of march and exaggeration of weatlh.
Rembrant
protestant artist; famous for self portraits, mythological (europa’s abduction); stressed emotion and motive
William Shakespear
literature; revival in mythological and literature art; Romeo and Juliet/ Macbeth; praised by romantics
Philosophes
Ethics (right or wrong), Logic (reasoning, Epistemology (human limits), metaphysics, Politics (government), aesthetics (art and beauty); Socrates+Socratic method, virtue is wisdom
Rationalism
The theory that knowledge can be obtained from reason and logic (mind); Heavy during the enlightenment; Spinoza, aristotle, Plato Galileo Galilei
Empiricism
The theory that knowledge can be obtained from pyhsical/ external objects
Copernicus
formulated the heliocentric model which placed the Sun in the center of solar system and no the Earth
Galileo
Father of modern physics, oversvational astronomy, science and modern science; improved the telescope and supported copernicanism was tried for heresy against the churches teachings by Pope Urban VIII
Voltaire
Supported/ favored England’s ability to tolerate over thirty religions happily; despised absolutism because of lack or toleration d freedom for religion
Enlightened Monarchs
Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II of Hungary, Fredrick the Second of Prussia
Catherine the Great
coup d’état over her Husband Peter the Great; Created the National Library of Russia; friends with Diderot whom said “ be more tolerant, humane and reasonable”
War of Spanish Succession
Louis XIV sick and childless gave thron to grandson King Phillip V of Spain. England, united provinces, Habsburg and German states did not want this because then Spain and France would conjoin; ending with with Peace of Utrecht and Rastatt which allowed Phillip to rule but forced Spain and France to stay seperate
Seven Year’s War
Austria+France+Russia vs Prussia+England; Continuation of War of Austrian Succesion; Austria switches allies from England to France in hopes to defeat Prussia( allied with England; ended with Treaty or Paris and Hubertusberg changing no major borders, allowing Prussia to keep Silesia
American Revolution
America vs Britain for America’s Independence; first big continental independence from a major nation; influenced by ideas of enlightenment philosophers (i.e John Lock)
War of Austrian Succession
Before Seven Years War;Maria Theresa Austria Vs Fredrick II Prussia over the land Silesia; ending with Treaty of Aix-la-chapelle and Prussia gaining Silesia to finally connect Prussia.
Maximillian Robespierre
Member of Estates General, Constituant Assembly, Committee of Public Safety; attempted to purge girodins from France during the reign of terror with the help of the National guard( Marquis de Lafeyette)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
“The social Contract” believed democracy was better than a monarchy, political decisions are based on the general will ( social contract)
Estates General
a representative from every estate, mainly bourgeois lawyers majority in french “parliament”
Mozart
Neoclassical; Chamber composer for Joseph II; Jupiter Symphoney
Abbe Sieye
“what is the third estate: everything, what are they seen as: nothing, what do they want to become: something”
National Assembly
Constituent Assembly; filled with nobles that raised taxes; unable for nobles to cooperate the 3rd estate took control of assembly to create a new constitution and pledged to do so until finished in the Tennis Court oath; taking Louis XVI’s weapons in the Fall of Bastille made him powerless and could not enforce anything/ saving National Assembly from Louis XVI’s wrath
Napoleon Bonaparte
Originally Italian and named Napoleone Buonaparte; a Millitary General who name himself king of France with full support of the french after solving frances economic crisses by taxing luxury items rather that basic needs/ attempted to make a French Empire/ could not defeat England or take over Moscow/ was exiled but returned to France in attempts to recreate his empire/ Died at the Battle of Waterloo/ Achievments: Makes France Catholic once again with popes forgiveness
Louis XVI/ Marrie Antoinette
Louis XVI: taxed essential items (bread/salt) led France into debt and financial crisis; Marrie Antoinette: spent wealth on lavish goods leading France into bankruptcy; Indecisiveness and conservatism led him to his downfall and beheaded by the National Convention under high treason
Jacques-Louis David
A painter whom specialized in neoclassicism, “ Oath of the Horatti” artistic style influenced the ideas of duty and state( self sacrifice to state and patriotism/nationalism)
John Locke
believed in the basic rights to live freely,
Edmund Burke
Criticized the French Revolution, “ the reflection of the French revolution”; called for strict government to enforce obedience and laws not a free goverment
Ancien Regime
Bad Harvest, Financial crisis from monarchy spendings, food shortages and Unemplyoment during the reign of Louis XVI and Marian Antoinette
Great Fear
overall state of hysteria and paranoia about foreign invasion and the peasant class rising to kill their nobles and get the property documents
sans-culottes
“without-fancy pants” the rebelious working class against the monarchy
Olympe de Gouges
A femine activist that demanded women have the same rights as men “Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
Committee of Public Safety
A groups of officials, top 11 ( w/ robespiere), who enforced the governments (montagnes)
Jacobins
A club or group of people whom all disliked the monarchy, some more radical (montagnes) whom wish to kill the king than those who just simply did not like him
Girondins
Less radical Jacobins that simply disliked King Louis XVI; attempted to be purged by its radical brothern during the Reign of Terror
Continental System
Napoleons efforts to blockade all european trading routes to England in order to cut off England’s resources during the Napoleonic Wars
Directory
During the Thermidorian Reaction and the killing of the radical leaders (i.e Robespierre) a new body of five directors held executve powers, National Convention and the consulate; went out of power once the country had grown tired of bloodshed and radicals
Agricultural Revolution
The farming industry benefitted from the Industrial revolution because it allowed faster and more efficient growing with the help of advanced technology (i.e steam engine, coal)
Utilitarianism
Proper course of action will maximize ones utility ( happiness brings less suffering) Biggest contributors Jeremy Bentham and Stuart Mill,” Utilitarianism” by Mill explains that to do as one would be done by and loving ones neighbor as ones self is true ideal utilitarian morality”
Utilitarianism
x
Factory System
Replaced Putting-out system, consisting mianly of machinery powered by water, steam, coal or in the future electricity
Luddites
People who hated factories/ Machines due to bad business for craftsmen
Beethoven
Romanticism; Fur Elise, Fifth Symphony and Eroica; emphasizing legato, elegance, “traveling through all the emotions” passionate and simplistic
romanticism
To emphasize feeling , opposite or realism
William Wordsworth
Romanticist poet, We murder to Dissect
Nationalism
patriotism, pride in ones ethnics origins
Hanovers
Ruling dynasty of England/ Britain; Came into Power after Anne the Great Britain died with no heirs and the Act of Settlement 1701 only allowed protestants to take the English throne. His Prime Minister was Sir Robert Walpole
Capitilism
the conomic system of free market; Freedom to buy/sell
Charlemagne/ HRE
Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III; Carolingian;800-1814~
Three-field system:
system of farming in which 2 fields were worked at a time, with a third with nothing to get its nutrients back, rotating constantly
Serf/Peasant
: lower class farmers during feudalism, serfs were more slave-like; “third estate”
Chivalry:
the medieval system of knights and their religious, moral, and social code.
Scholasticism:
“reconcile reason and faith”
Thomas Aquinas:
scholastic; Summa Theologica 1274 was an attempt to prove god, “By doubting we come to inquiry, through inquiry to the truth”
Decameron
: written by Giovanni Boccaccio in 1353, he described the Black Plague as the Wrath of God and that it was a punishment for a lack of faith in people
Counter Reformation
Catholic revival in response to Protestant Reformation; : Consisted of Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration, Religious orders, Spiritual movements, Political dimensions; Initiated Council of Trent to stop the church’s corruption
