ap euro units 4-6 Flashcards
View of universe
Aristotle and Ptolemy said universe was geocentric and revolved around earth, Copernicus first challenged the view saying heliocentric (sun was in center) , Kepler also said this, and Galileo also built the telescope and proved that the earth did revolve around the sun. The church didn’t like this since it challenged the church view of the universe, putting Galileo on house arrest
Medicine view
ancient greek Galen said the humoral theory and body was blood, yellow bile, black bile, and flem. Paracelus said it was actually chemical imbalance and said to give chemical to treat one. William Harvey also disproved Galen and showed the blood had circulation using mathematics.
Reasoning
Franics Racon used inductive reasoning (discrete knowledge to general knowledge) Rene Descartes did the opposite using deductive reasoning. Both challenged the Ancient Greek idea
The enlightenment.
Applied methods of thinking that were made own the scientific revolution ti politics society and institutions, began in France as people were sick of the monarch. Religion was viewed as more of a private belonging to a public belonging.
Voltaire
A enlightenment writer who criticized the forcing of religion and said it held back society, said people couldn’t govern themselves and they needed a monarch. Made deism saying God existed but didn’t make an effect in the world
Denis Diderot
Made the encyclopedia which showed all the truths of the world. Was revolutionary in spreading ideas. Also a dietist.
David Hume
Made skepticism.
John Locke
Made natural rights- the idea that humans posses natural rights like life liberty and property (given by God not a monarch meaning they can’t be taken away)-also allowed popular sovereignty which meant stuff was ruled by the people not the government.
Rosseau
Social contract- The people willingly surrender some of the power to create a government and the government must comply and if they don’t the people could go against the government
Mary wolstencraft
WAs against Rousseau and said women werent inferior at all and said it was only because of being oppressed
Adam smith
Went against mercantilist and people should make their own financial designs and have a free market
Enlightend absolutism
Acted in enlightend ways when It benefited them. Such as fredrick the second of Prussia, Catherine the great of Russia
Food and population
People lived longer and died less because of end of black plague and smallpox (Edward Jenner). Thomas Malthus also said that there would be a mass famine since there was too much people, however agricultural revolution fixed this problem. More people went to urban places.
Consumer revolution
Middle and upper classes had more disposable income
Increased demand fro customer goods
Age of exploration
Due to Colombian exchange and the triangluar trade economic competition between European states increased. All the country wanted some materials from either the west or East Indies, led by the dutch. And navigation acts made it so any goods being shipped to Britain or its colonies must be British ships. British and France also fought in the spanish succession to have the most powerful maritime trade also giving Britain some of its colonies making Britain most powerful.
Britain powerful
Seven years war and Britain vs France when the war of Austrian accession had Britain and France fight whilst Britain and France fought for India and in North America where the British won and ended in the TREATY OF PARIS. Britain and France also fought in the American revolution but Britain was still most powerful
Frenc revolution causes
economic crises- Louis XIV put them in debt with all their war and they only taxed the common (very poor) people
Inbalance of estates general-The clergy and nobility were way too powerful compared to everybody else and each estate got one vote even though the first two estates were only 3 percent of the population
Bread shortage/famine
Begin of revolution
People in the third estate named themselves the National Assembly and put themseves as the true body of France, this also made them not allowed into the next meetings with the tennis court oath when they walked there and refused to leave until Louis signed a new constitution but Louis was planning to attack the assembly, this led to the storming of Bastille (a French political prison symbolizing the start of the revolution)
Liberal phase
First part of revolution in which National Assembly drafted the declaration of the rights of man which provided freedom of speech, representative government and abolished privileges of the first and second estate and it lessens power of the church. The October march of versailles had thousands of women march to versailles and demanded the king and queen give bread in which they said no so they killed the guards. Lafayette stopped them from killing the king and queen.
Radical Phse
In 1792 the national assembley voted to dissolve itself and create a more permanent parliament called the national convention, the Jacobins (a radical revolution group) seized control and implemented radical polices such as making year 1 1792 and killed Louis XVI calling France a republic.
Reign Of terror
The Jacobins were scared of the other neighboring states s the placed a harsh reign on the French people led by Reginald maximillien de Robespierre and he killed 40,000 people with the guillotine and made any man from 18-25 apart of the revolution. The challengers of the reign of terror killed Robespierre to end the reign of terror.
Conservative reaction to French Revolution
For enlightenment people the calls for liberty were a good and right thing but conservatives thought of it as brutal and a threat to the government of other states.
Haitian revolution
The slaves in Haiti had almost no rights and wanted so the people revolted and destroyed all the coffee places and Spain also helped the slaves since they wanted to weaken France. However Tousaint Lvovertue was a Haitian born French general who kept control over Haiti but once napolean came and tried to reestablish Haitian salvery the general Jean-Jacques Dessaline defeated the French and declared independence
Napoleon’s rise
Napoleon rose through the ranks and became a general leading fights in Italy and Egypt where once he got back to France ran a coup to overthrow the directory and put himself into leadership. And made himself the true emperor of France. The people didn’t mind this since Napoleon brought stability and embody the principles of the revolution according to himself.
Napoleon’s referoms
The napoleonic code meaning the equality of all people (men) before the law, and issued protections for wealth and private property, and introduced a degree of religion tolerance in France.
also centralized the government and the bureaucracy rewarding these positions based on merit not birth.
Religious reform in the concordat of Bologna in 1801
Napoleon dominance
Suppressed rights of people through a secret police, censorship, and marginalization of women. He also had the napoleonic wars and beat Austria, Prussia, and more whilst spreading the ideas of the revolution. Continental system by making it so none of his empire (most of Europe) could have British exports
Napoleon’s defeat
Wanted to gain control of Spain but lost and Russia but also burned everything so they couldn’t get to Russia and they frosted in the Russia losing 560,000 men trying to get back home and eventually abdicated the throne and tried to do a coup again but lost in the battle of Waterloo.
Congress of Vienna
Led by Klemes Von Metternich. Another balance of power scenario. Countries Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria and Prussia pushed for conservatism which was a reliance on tradition. Also reestablished the balance of powering beef up defense around France. Took some territory from France but overall led to 50 years of peace called the age of Metternich.
Romanticism
A balance to resign by emphasizing other means of knowing like intuition and imagination (opposite of enlightenment). And held individualism which is the highlighting of individual abilities and loved emotions.
Romantic art
Arts the outer manifestation of the artists inner feelings
Art must display emotion warmth and movement
Beethoven was a romantic musician
Methodism
John Wesley said people must have a emotional experience with God which was clearly a big Romantic idea.
Industriali revolution
The industrial revolution indicates a fundamental change in the way goods were made for sale, from goods made by hand to goods made by machines. Began in Great Britain because of the agricultural revolution, abundant supply of capital, and abundance of entrepreneurs, favorable government policies, and rich in mineral resources. Making Britain the most dominant for the first part in the revolution.
Spread of the revolution
A lot of the rest of Europe adapted slowly such as France, Greece, and more since they lacked coal and iron deposits which Britain thrived in and since the elites stopped state sponsored industrialization and there were traditional methods of farming that even led to famines like the Irish potato famine
Factory dominance
The factory system made goods produced by machines and this dominated as a result.
Inventions
Electricty and the telegraph(communication). , chemical engineering (rubber), railroads (transportation), engines using gasoline ran the second wave of the revolution whereas the first wave was mostly steam engines.
economic troubles
The long depression happened in Europe (and America) this was majorly caused because of the scarcity of money, now due to the fact that money was just how much gold a country had the coumty ran out of money with the higher cost of living given the growing consumerism so money became scare, the banks stopped loaning factories, less jobs were to be had, etc etc. Coroporations created monopolies (became the only corporation in its market so it could stop increasing prices) while countrys made tariffs (it cost more to buy from other countries including that countries bought goods)
Industrialization in Prussia
Germany was at the time just hundreds of states but Prussia knew the industrial revolution would be great so it offered the Zollverein Agreement which made it so there were lower Barries to trade, barriers like tariffs and customs, and thus to unite the German state economically.
Effects of industrialization (social)
Led to self-conscious classes because there was a clear diviosn of labor between who did what king of work, these two classed were the proletariat (working class in factories mines mostly rural people that came to urban places living in tenements which were very small apartments in the slums). The other class was the bourgeoisie which were white collar jobs (lawyer,doctor, etc) and they made more money to leave the cities. The poverty of proletariat families led to child labor and eventually the factory act which barely changed the working rights of children since it was just those under nine that couldn’t work.
Concert of Europe
A period where Europe was at peace fro 50 years after the congress of Vienna led by Metternich
Goals were to:
Aim to restore the balance of conservative rulers to the throne
Make sure Europe states upheld the rights of the landed artistocracy
and organized the need for religion to hold down states
This happened since rulers were sick of everyone wanting more liberal ideas like in France so after they ended France they wanted conservatism
Early revolutions
Greek war of independence- Green nationalist enagaged in rebellions to fight against the horrible oppressive conservative Ottoman Empire and with the help of Britain France and Russia they shit on the ottomans
July revolution-For three days in France some middle class people in France were mad at the king and after three days Charles V left the throne for Louis Philippe (another conservative).
1848 revolutions
People wanted a more liberal government in France leading to rebellion and eventually Louis Phillip was defeated and France became a republic. Eventually however this failed and they went back to a King (Napoleon the second)
Inspired by France revolutionaries in Prussia and Germany wanted a more liberal government also and they anted. unified German state, the king didn’t want the revolution but at the Frankfurt assembly they asked for a unified Germany which was denied. Another failure that led to even harsher conservative values.
Russian revolution
The tsar Nicholas I was mad after the crimean war and implemented liberal reforms but then got assassinated and replaced by a conservative Tara Alexander the third. He industrialized Russia but the conservative led to the revolution of 1905 but this revolution was succefusl and led to the October manifesto giving universal suffrage fro men, citizenship to all Russians, freedom of speech, and a representative body called Duma
Liberalism
A reaction to the harsh Metternich ideas which was also not a new idea but an enlightenment one. Emphasizes natural rights and popular sovereignty(limited government).
Jeremy Bentham
Made utilitarianism which argued that actios should be judged other they increase happiness of the affected one. Kinda against christianity. Also was similar to John Stewart mill.
Socialism
Ideology that demands a society means of protection should be owned by the community as a whole, not private individuals
Marxism
Created by Karl Marx as a type f socialism and hated capitalism publishing the communist manifesto and predicted a revolution by the proletariat to take down the bourgeiouse.
Anarchy
belief that all forms of government authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation.
Mass based political parties
Parties needed more voters interests as the people that could vote increased leading to the liberal class increasing since it favored the working class.
Labour unions
Made it so workers could strike and they could agitate fro improvements in wages and working conditions.
Laisez-Fairre
abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market. People stopped liking this and wanted the government to help and intervene.
Education reform
Made it cumpolosory to be educated and stopped child labor (to an exttent) and improved the amount of people that could do the more technical jobs.
Governmental reforms
Public health, urban planning, professional police forces
