ap euro 7-9 Flashcards
Nationalism
A feeling of strong identification with ones own people and ones own cultural heritage, and these bonds are strengthened by a shared history and a shared language
Causes of nationalism
- Romantic ideals (romanticism made people feel more nationalist since it evoked emotions)
- Liberal reforms, new liberal ideas that helped the common man made people like their country more
- Political unification
- racialism- the idea ones own race is superior to others
RACIALISM
Pro- In pan-slavic countries people banded together to fight against their Austro-hunagrian and ottoman empires which helped them gain indepence
Dark side-antisemitism
Antisemitism
Racial discrimination towards Jewish people, with the rise of nationalism this increased antisemitism. The Dreyfus affair had a French jewish military man accused of being a spy and this made the country very divided in jewish rights. This gave rise to zionism started by the man Theodore Herzel.
Neoconservatism
People used nationalism to strengthen their power, Russia monarch Otto von Bismarck used this .
Crimean War
Europe was in peace for along time but the crimean war ended this. First the Russians wanted orthodox christians to be allowed in Jerusalem like Catholics were but this was denied. France and Russia both wanted to defeat the Ottomans. Russia also wanted access to the Crimean Sea, war started and the Ottomans had Britain and France and Russia lost. This war broke the concert of Europe and the peace.
Italian Unification
Italy had wanted unification for a long time but it just wasnt happening until Count Cavour came along.
Count savor
A rich businessman who ruled Piedmont who wanted Italian unification and gathered a huge army to fight for it. France and Austria both had terriory in the Italian peninsula and Cover said to Napoleon III (France) that he would let them keep their land if they helped him defeat Austria, Napoleon didn’t do his side and this enraged Cavour. The unified nationalist Northern Italy agreed to help Piedmont (Cavour) in their battle.
Guisippe Garibaldi
A masterful general who also wanted Italian unification and had unified the Southern Italian states with his army called the red shirts.
Victor Emmanuel III
Garibaldi gave his power to the ruler of Northern Italy and now almost all of Italy was unified except for Rome (French) but they also took that over during the Franco-Prussian war and now all of Italy was unified.
German Unification
Germany had wanted unification and tried in the failure of the revolution of 1848.
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia and a practicer of realpolitik (the idea of what is the best course of action to get the results I want). Bismarck increased the Prussian army and fought wars to gather German unification.
German unification wars
- Prussian-Danish war of 1864, Bismarck wanted to get the two German speaking provinces from the Danish and he gathered the help of Austria in which they won and one province went to each.
- Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Bismarck only allied with Austria to help him get what he wanted (realpolitik), he first made treaties so no other countries got involved with the war, the Austrian (German) provinces chose Prussia and that was that.
- Franco-Prussian war (1870), Bismarck needed to get the southern states to unify by having a common enemy, he choose France. He faked a document from a Prussian official and “leaked” it to France to start a war. All the German provinces sided with Prussia and unification was complete. Wilhelm the first was crowned king.
After German unification
Bismark was made chancellor of the united German state and he wanted to strengthen Germany. He first made treaties with other European countries incase France wanted to fight again. He first had the three emperors league in which he sided with Austria-Hungary and Russia, this fell apart in 1871. He then made the reinsurance treaty with just Russia, this also fell through in which Bismarck made the triple alliance with Italy and austria-hungary. (the alliance that fought WW1) his goal was to just stop France.
Balkans
The congress of Berlin was set up by Bismarck to fix the balkans but all it did was power the big countries more and forgot to think about how nationalistic the balkan countries were for their own states, this lit up in the first and second balkan wars.
Charles Darwin
An Englishman who provided the theory of evolution in which he found that plants and animals evolved by natural selection, only the best genetic traits carried on, this challenged the Biblical idea of God just placing humans as there are now (which nobody took literally until this theory was proposed).
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer proposed the oidea that just like how the strongest animals survived so did the strongest societies and that, strong societies adapted and thrived while weak societies were destined to weaken and fade away due to natural selection. This supported the concept of empire reining over weaker societies since if it was apart of nature why would anyone have any moral objections to stronger societies like Britain reining over wear societies like its colonies.
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
A German who applied social darwinism to the German people saying they were the true aryan race whom were the originators of European society meaning that the Germans should band up and take out lesser societies like Jews, asians, and Africans. (this is the idea Hitler used to kill in WW2)
Positivism
The idea that any rational conclusion must be able to be scientifically verified or must be proven using mathematical quantification. (was inspired by darwinism) This challenged christianity.
Relavitism
Since positivism obliterated the idea that was one overachieving truth everywhere, this meant all truth was relative.
Modernism
On one hand the advances in science are creating significant strides in knowing the world truly, on the other the more science advanced the more uncertain everything was
Freidrich Nietschze
Gave rise to irrationalism which challenged the rational nature of enlightenment ideas in place for the irrational nature of human instinct or human”spirit” since clearly not everything is so clear as established in relativism. Said humans were governed by emotions, passions, and instincts and said this was since people were enslaved to religion aka Christianity, he also claimed God was dead and that the new europeans had killed him.
Henri Bergson
argued that reality could only be analyzed intuitively, not scientifically. But that science was great in some aspects.
Sigmund Freud
Argued peoples designs were governed by childhood trauma that led them to thinking that way, not by rationality in their brain.
Max Planck
Physicist that found that atoms behaved chaotically and “irrationally” meaning that when it came down to it newtonian physics wasnt able to just explain reality and that was a big revelation.
Second wave imperialism
Europeans went from rather the western world for imperialism to the world of Africa and Asia.
Imperialism motivations
- Economics- countries wanted raw materials since they had already ran out of theirs and since their was new markets to sell these goods to
2.Political
3.Racial superiority- British thought they were helping them by showing them their true superiority in their white culture
Opium trade
British used economic imperlaism to enslave the Chinese people. The British wanted Chinese tea but the Chinese didn’t want much from the British. The British used opium to infiltrate china and create a trading market, the Chinese officials hated this burned 20,000 pounds and closed trade and there was the first opium war.
Opium wars
China was slow to industrialize so the British beat them in the first, and second Opium war and forcibly opened trading rights into China.
Scramble for Africa
In the Berlin conference (already mentioned) the European states carved up which land of Africa they wanted so their could be a balance of power. Because of their were border disputes and some other little conflicts which spewed tensions (and allies).
Conflict in Africa
France and Britiain signed the entente cordial making them friends, Germany helped native morrocans in a (failed) rebellion against France almost leading to war but Britain calmed it down. Just making Germany more of an enemy of France and Britain.
unit 8
WW1
Causes of WW1
- Militarism-The idea states needed to increase their military capacity in order to defend and pursue national interests
- Alliances- the alliances made by each countries made for a big world war
- Imperialism-each countries had conflicts in their colonies
4.Nationalism-keeping national honor
Immediate cause
the assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip, in the capital of Bosnia. Bosnians had only recently been under rule of Austria-Hungary.
Chain of events
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia for the assassination,
Germany (its ally) was called to help and did so gladly,
Russia thought this unfair and came to Serbias aid,
Germany declared war on Russia therefore declaring war on Britain and France as well,
Italy is also an ally of Germany,
There is now a world war.
New technologies
People hadn’t fought in so long so there are now new methods of fighting,
Trench warfare was dug holes opposite of each other and there would be mines, barbed wire, and machine guns waiting for those who cross. Each side would have a raid sometimes and just have everybody killed for some reason, this went on and on. There was also chemical weapons, submarines, airplanes in battle (no bombs dropping yet).
Total war
A war in which everybody is involved, factories became solely for building ammunition or bombs. People at home got sick of this and protests started up.
Easter rebellion
The Irish had wanted freedom and led these protests and there began to be rebellions including the one on easter in Dublin in which the British eventually subdued them.
