AP euro review Flashcards
Causes of the renaissance
European contact with more advanced countries, wealthy people wanting to show who was more educated, church lost authority due to scandals, people became wealthier due to trade
Renaissance meaning
the rebirth of culture. However, it would be more accurately put as the rebirth of ancient culture since the Middle Ages did have a form of culture, just not the same culture as the ancients.
Humanism
a new philosophy that really defined the Renaissance which glorified the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome.
Four ideas of Humanism
Admiration and emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
Philosophy of enjoying this life, instead of just waiting for the next one.
The glorification of humans and the belief that individuals are can do anything.
The belief that humans deserved to be the center of attention.
civic humanism
believed that participation in public affairs was essential for human development, and that individuals should not cut themselves off from society and study the world. Instead, they should help make changes in it by becoming a part of government. Eventually, the beliefs of the civic humanists spread to the humanists as a whole
Petrarch → (1304 - 1374)
the first humanist of the Renaissance. He greatly admired the Greeks and Romans and preferred them to his own contemporaries, who he saw as barbaric. He even felt that the only true examples of moral and proper behavior could come from the Ancients. Though he was a lawyer and cleric by trade, he devoted himself to writing poetry, papers, and letters, which were often to the famous Greeks and Romans.
Boccaccio → (1313 – 1375)
a writer who became famous for a collection of short stories called The Decameron that is now thought of as the first prose masterpiece ever written in Italian.
Neoplatonists
believed in studying the grand ideas in the work of Plato and other philosophers as opposed to leading the “active life” the civic humanists lead
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
- Emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
- Good use of depth in paintings.
- Linear (further away = smaller) and atmospheric (further away = hazier) perspective.
- Paintings began to have more detailed backgrounds.
- Not necessarily religious, more focus on earthly themes and humans.
- More realistic, geometrically precise and mathematically accurate.
- Subjects showing signs of more emotion.
- Contraposto posture, in which the subject is shifting his or her balance.
Renaissance artists
Giotto, Masacio, Donatello, Leornodo, Raphael, Michaelangelo, Titian
The Definition of the Reformation
The Reformation was the final splitting of the Western Church into two halves.
- The two branches of the Church were Catholicism and Protestantism.
Causes of the reformation
- The growth in the power of the secular king and the decrease in the power of the Pope.
- The popular discontent with the seemingly empty rituals of the Church.
- The movement towards more personal ways of communicating with God, called lay piety.
- The fiscal crisis in the Church that led to corruption and abuses of power
John Wycliffe
questioned transubstantiation, the ability of the priests to perform a miracle turning the wine and bread into Christ’s blood and body.
The Printing Pres
before the invention of the printing press in the mid-1400s, many people didn’t have access to information or changes in religious thought except through word of mouth and the village viellées. With the printing press, new ideas, and the dissatisfaction with the church, could spread quickly, and people could read the Bible for themselves.
Abuses of the church
- Simony → the sale of Church positions, which quickly led to people becoming Church officials purely for economic motives, and not for spiritual ones.
- Indulgences → the sale of indulgences was the biggest moneymaker for the Church. When a person paid for an indulgence, it supposedly excused the sins they had committed (the more $, the more sins forgiven) even without them having to repent. Indulgences could even be bought for future sins not yet committed and for others, especially those who had just died, and were supposed to make a person’s passage into heaven faster.
Incelicy
Martin Luther
- Luther (1483 – 1546) was born into a middle class family in Saxony, Germany. He got a good education and began studying law. After almost being hit by lightning, he decided to become a monk.
- As a monk, he became obsessed with his own sinfulness, and pursued every possible opportunity to earn worthiness in God’s eyes (for example, self-flagellation) but he was still not satisfied, for he felt that God would never forgive a sinner like himself.
- Finally, he had an intense religious experience that led him to realize that justification in the eyes of God was based on faith alone and not on good works and sacraments.
95 these
The theses explained that the Pope could remit only the penalties he or canon law imposed, and that for other sins, the faithful had only to sincerely repent to obtain an indulgence, not pay the Church.
Diet of worms
Luther’s writings could no longer be ignored, and, in 1520, Pope Leo the Fifth excommunicated him, and Luther responded by calling the Pope an anti-Christ. So, Charles the Fifth ordered him to offer his defense against the decree at a Diet of the Empire at Worms.Luther refused to retract his statements, asking to be proved wrong with the Bible. So, Charles ordered that Luther be arrested and his works burned, but Prince Frederick of Saxony came to Luther’s aid and allowed Luther to hide in his castle. There, Luther established the Lutheran doctrines.
The Lutheran doctrines
Codified in the Augsburg Confession the Lutheran beliefs are as follows:
Justification by faith alone, or the belief that faith alone, without the sacraments or good works, leads to an individual’s salvation.
The Bible as the only authority, not any subsequent works.
All people are equally capable of understanding God’s word as expressed in the Bible and can gain salvation without the help of an intermediary.
No distinction between priests and laity.
Consubstantiation (the presence of the substance and Christ coexist in the wafer and wine and no miracle occurs) instead of transubstantiation.
A simplified ceremony with services not in Latin.
Apeal of protestantism
Message of equality in religion, which they extended to life in general.
No tithe to pay, so $ stays in the country.
Now they can read the Bible and interpret it in their own way.
Concept of individualism – you are your own priest.
Zwingli → (1484 – 1531)
Calvinism without predestination.
Radicals
many radical sects broke out, and after Munster (where a sect called the Melchiorties gained political control of the city and began to establish a heavenly Jerusalem on earth) they were all persecuted. Since some believed that Baptism should only be administered to adults who asked to be baptized, they were all called the Anabaptists (rebaptisers).
Calvin → (1509 – 1564)
Lutheranism and Calvinism both believed in people’s sinfulness, salvation by faith alone, that all people were equal in God’s eyes and that people should follow existing political authority, Calvin believed in predestination or the concept that God, being all knowing, already knows if a person is going to go to heaven and become part of the elect or not. Though behavior on earth technically had no effect on the decision, it was established that moral people tended to be part of the elect. Calvinist communities were model places, with very strict moral codes that were vehemently imposed.
Absolutism
the political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, as vested especially in a monarch or dictator.
France religion
Mostly Catholics but there were French calvinists (known was hugenots) who were like half of the nobility and wanted more rights in France (the catholics said no)
Causes of English civil war
Divine right of kings (a king had absolute power and could do whatever they want, Charles I was a firm believer in this), the House of Commons disliked this
Thirty years war- major debt was accrued by Charles I spending habits, Charles I got mad at the parliament and disbanded parliament for eleven years In which the country went bankrupt
The anglican war, Henry VIII had made England protestant and went against the catholics, puritans want to go against the still remains Catholic parts of the church but like an idiot Charles I marries a catholic making the people and parliament hate him even more
Short and long parliament
Charles I called the parliament back but got mad at them and quickly disbanded it but then called for the parliament again and tried
English Civil war
Charles I went to north England and made an army of nobles to go against the new model army that was made by parliament, after three years Charles army lost but Charles refused defeat.
Oliver Cromwell
A puritan who took control of the new model army and captured (and killed) Charles I. He then cut all the parliaments who opposed his rule and made a small group called the Rump Parliament.
Effects of English Civil war
Became a true republic called the protectarre ruled by Oliver Cromwell, but really the country was ruled by the army and was in actuality a military dictatorship in which once again he went against parliemtn and for 10 years he had personal rule
Restoration
England wanted a king again and got Charles the II but that failed since he was scheming wirth France, but then they got James II (who parliament hated since he kept appointing catholics) but then they offered the throne to ….
Glorious Revolution
Parliemtn offered the throne to Mary and William of orange (Mary is the daughter of James the second) and James fled the country which became known as the glorious revolution since the monarch was changed without bloodshed. This change ended the idea of divine right of kings in England once and for all
English bill of rights
Limited monarchy and protected the power of parliemntn
Catherine d Medici
Medici was Charles mom who was only 11 at the time sos he ruled in his place. Catherine wanted to purge France of the Huguenots and led to the French wars of religion
Massacre of Vassy
Group of Huguenots were at church when a duke ordered them all killed, the hugenots kept defending themselves for ten years until the st bartholemews day massacre (1572).
St bartolemws massacre
The religion stuff seemed settled when the sister of Charles IX married calvinist Henry of Navarre (leader of hurgneots) in which many hugentots came to the wedding in Paris but Charles IX (influenced by Catherine d Medici) ordered the killing of all these hugentos and over the next couple days 1000s were killed through France. Henry of Navarre converted back to catholicism
War of Three henrys
Henry the third, and Henry of Geese wanted the throne of France. Henry of Geese took the throne by force (with spanish help) but was killed by Henry the third who then partnered with Henry of Navarre to renounce Paris of the holy league. Henry the third was killed by a disgruntled monk leaving Henry of Navarre the throne whom had converted back to calvinism but then knowing he would be king converted back to catholicism. By the time of his ascension via Henry IV the wars had ended and Henry IV had establish religious freedom
Edict of Nantes
Officially established France as a catholic state, but also provided hugenots the freedom too worship without fearing that they would be massacred or otherwise harassed
Spanish Wars of religion
ruled by the Hapsburg (a VERY catholic monarchy) Phillip the II rosed to power and there was problem with the Ottoman Empire going into Europe so Spain and the polish stopped it in its tracks
Phillip the II
HATED protestants, wanted to restore catholicism and focused on getting rid of Protestantism in England and the Netherlands, after calvinists suffered persecution from Phillip the II, William of Orange came to their rescue and the Netherlands declared indolence from Spanish rule
Elizabeth the I and the Spanish Armada
Supported the protestant rebellion which made Phillip mad so he sent all of the Spanish Armada to attack England but the Armada got whooped and that was the end of that.
The peace of Augsburg
offered some degree of religion toleration in the Holy Roman Empire by decreeing that the princes of its territories could decide wether their subjects would by Catholic or protestant (lutheran)
Ferdinand and calvinism
Catholic king Ferdinand wanted to recatholicize Bohemia (a calvinist territory in modern day Germany), the calvinist were mad and in the defenestration of paruge therw two of Ferdinands messengers out of windows (both survived) setting off the thirty years war
Thirty years war-bohemian phase
Ferdinand the second (holy roman emperor and catholic) defeated the bohemian calvinist army led by Fredrick the first in the battle of white mountain, giving catholics the better start
The danish phase
King Christian IV of Denmark took up the protestant cause and went to war, most likely because he was involved in an anti-catholic, anti-hamburg alliance with England, the catholics also won this phase
Swedish Phase
War goes beyond the Holy Roman Empire and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden organized the protestant cause and armies and scores a major victory for the protestants, France also sponsored the Swedish since they HATED the Habsburg and didn’t really care about the religion part
French Phase
The French got involved and battled the spanish eventually coming to an end with the peace if Westphalia.
Peace of Westphalia
Marked the end of religious wars in Europe
Amended the peace of Absurd to include calvinism as a legitimate faith
Officially marked the dn of the medieval idea of a universal Christendom
mercantilism
a state driven economic system which emphasized the buildup of mineral wealth by means of a favorable balance of trade, kinda like soviet Russia. Wealth only had so many slices meaning when one gets richer one gets poorer since there’s only so much gold to go around. Expansion of empires also made mercantilism very big for Europe since it brought more materials and markets. Mercantilism also needs more export than import
Dutch golden age
After the eighty (and thrill) years war the dutch established a constitutionalism type of government. Not a constitutional monarchy like England but rather a republican government like America. Also had estates that were ruled by wealthy oligarchies. Federal government had less power than the states and they handled international stuff. Dutch became rich through trade and religious freedom so they became possibly th wealthiest country in the world (per capita) at the time.
Balance of power
After the peace of Westphalia states didn’t want there to Abe one very powerful state
Annexation of Poland
After Russia defeated the bottoms the neighboring countries Latvia and Austria decide two maintain th e balance the three would each take land from Poland (a much weaker state) eventually annexing Poland altogether
Louis XIV
Wanted to gain territory for France and fought the dutch and the allied European forces in the mine years war. Also the war of spanish succession which was started as spanish rule was sharing family with Louis XIV which could maybe have a spnaihs and French alliance which would mes up the balance of power. Because of this England Austria Prussia and the united provinces went to war against spanish and France leading to the treaty of Utrecht.
Treaty of Utrecht
Louis the XIV and Phillip the V of Spain were allowed to keep their thrones as long as they never would band together ending the spanish war of succession.
agricultural revolution
Places bonded three field system and instead alternated crops meaning food output increased greatly.
