AP euro review Flashcards
Causes of the renaissance
European contact with more advanced countries, wealthy people wanting to show who was more educated, church lost authority due to scandals, people became wealthier due to trade
Renaissance meaning
the rebirth of culture. However, it would be more accurately put as the rebirth of ancient culture since the Middle Ages did have a form of culture, just not the same culture as the ancients.
Humanism
a new philosophy that really defined the Renaissance which glorified the culture of Ancient Greece and Rome.
Four ideas of Humanism
Admiration and emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
Philosophy of enjoying this life, instead of just waiting for the next one.
The glorification of humans and the belief that individuals are can do anything.
The belief that humans deserved to be the center of attention.
civic humanism
believed that participation in public affairs was essential for human development, and that individuals should not cut themselves off from society and study the world. Instead, they should help make changes in it by becoming a part of government. Eventually, the beliefs of the civic humanists spread to the humanists as a whole
Petrarch → (1304 - 1374)
the first humanist of the Renaissance. He greatly admired the Greeks and Romans and preferred them to his own contemporaries, who he saw as barbaric. He even felt that the only true examples of moral and proper behavior could come from the Ancients. Though he was a lawyer and cleric by trade, he devoted himself to writing poetry, papers, and letters, which were often to the famous Greeks and Romans.
Boccaccio → (1313 – 1375)
a writer who became famous for a collection of short stories called The Decameron that is now thought of as the first prose masterpiece ever written in Italian.
Neoplatonists
believed in studying the grand ideas in the work of Plato and other philosophers as opposed to leading the “active life” the civic humanists lead
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
- Emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.
- Good use of depth in paintings.
- Linear (further away = smaller) and atmospheric (further away = hazier) perspective.
- Paintings began to have more detailed backgrounds.
- Not necessarily religious, more focus on earthly themes and humans.
- More realistic, geometrically precise and mathematically accurate.
- Subjects showing signs of more emotion.
- Contraposto posture, in which the subject is shifting his or her balance.
Renaissance artists
Giotto, Masacio, Donatello, Leornodo, Raphael, Michaelangelo, Titian
The Definition of the Reformation
The Reformation was the final splitting of the Western Church into two halves.
- The two branches of the Church were Catholicism and Protestantism.
Causes of the reformation
- The growth in the power of the secular king and the decrease in the power of the Pope.
- The popular discontent with the seemingly empty rituals of the Church.
- The movement towards more personal ways of communicating with God, called lay piety.
- The fiscal crisis in the Church that led to corruption and abuses of power
John Wycliffe
questioned transubstantiation, the ability of the priests to perform a miracle turning the wine and bread into Christ’s blood and body.
The Printing Pres
before the invention of the printing press in the mid-1400s, many people didn’t have access to information or changes in religious thought except through word of mouth and the village viellées. With the printing press, new ideas, and the dissatisfaction with the church, could spread quickly, and people could read the Bible for themselves.
Abuses of the church
- Simony → the sale of Church positions, which quickly led to people becoming Church officials purely for economic motives, and not for spiritual ones.
- Indulgences → the sale of indulgences was the biggest moneymaker for the Church. When a person paid for an indulgence, it supposedly excused the sins they had committed (the more $, the more sins forgiven) even without them having to repent. Indulgences could even be bought for future sins not yet committed and for others, especially those who had just died, and were supposed to make a person’s passage into heaven faster.
Incelicy
Martin Luther
- Luther (1483 – 1546) was born into a middle class family in Saxony, Germany. He got a good education and began studying law. After almost being hit by lightning, he decided to become a monk.
- As a monk, he became obsessed with his own sinfulness, and pursued every possible opportunity to earn worthiness in God’s eyes (for example, self-flagellation) but he was still not satisfied, for he felt that God would never forgive a sinner like himself.
- Finally, he had an intense religious experience that led him to realize that justification in the eyes of God was based on faith alone and not on good works and sacraments.
95 these
The theses explained that the Pope could remit only the penalties he or canon law imposed, and that for other sins, the faithful had only to sincerely repent to obtain an indulgence, not pay the Church.
Diet of worms
Luther’s writings could no longer be ignored, and, in 1520, Pope Leo the Fifth excommunicated him, and Luther responded by calling the Pope an anti-Christ. So, Charles the Fifth ordered him to offer his defense against the decree at a Diet of the Empire at Worms.Luther refused to retract his statements, asking to be proved wrong with the Bible. So, Charles ordered that Luther be arrested and his works burned, but Prince Frederick of Saxony came to Luther’s aid and allowed Luther to hide in his castle. There, Luther established the Lutheran doctrines.
The Lutheran doctrines
Codified in the Augsburg Confession the Lutheran beliefs are as follows:
Justification by faith alone, or the belief that faith alone, without the sacraments or good works, leads to an individual’s salvation.
The Bible as the only authority, not any subsequent works.
All people are equally capable of understanding God’s word as expressed in the Bible and can gain salvation without the help of an intermediary.
No distinction between priests and laity.
Consubstantiation (the presence of the substance and Christ coexist in the wafer and wine and no miracle occurs) instead of transubstantiation.
A simplified ceremony with services not in Latin.
Apeal of protestantism
Message of equality in religion, which they extended to life in general.
No tithe to pay, so $ stays in the country.
Now they can read the Bible and interpret it in their own way.
Concept of individualism – you are your own priest.
Zwingli → (1484 – 1531)
Calvinism without predestination.
Radicals
many radical sects broke out, and after Munster (where a sect called the Melchiorties gained political control of the city and began to establish a heavenly Jerusalem on earth) they were all persecuted. Since some believed that Baptism should only be administered to adults who asked to be baptized, they were all called the Anabaptists (rebaptisers).
