AP Euro Exam Review P1 Flashcards
peace of augsburg, 1555
compromise agreed to by the holy roman emperor Charles V and the Imperial representative assembly that stipulated that the religion of each empire would follow the religion of the ruler of that state
secularism
an emphasis on living well in this world and understanding better the activities of this world – political, economic, social, and
intellectual
Henry VIII
initially a prominent Catholic during the Reformation, but broke with the pope and established the Church of England in
order to obtain a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon
sola fide
the belief that faith in Jesus Christ is the sole requirement for salvation
council of trent, 1545-1563
meeting of Catholic leaders to assess the condition of the Catholic Church and define its doctrines by rejecting most points raised by the Protestant movement
indulgences
a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death
peasant revolts, 1524-25
inspired by changes brought by the Reformation, peasants in western and southern Germany invoked divine law to demand
agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords
columbian exchange
exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and New Worlds
edict of nantes, 1598
signed by King Henri IV of France, which made Catholicism the official religion of France, but also granted religious
tolerance to the nation’s 2 million Protestants
patronage
financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific
styles
john calvin
Protestant leader who developed the doctrine of predestination, whereby God decides who is worth of grace and who of
eternal damnation
st bartholomew’s day massacre, 1572
a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots during the French
Wars of Religion
politiques
moderate French Catholics who pushed for reconciliation with the French Protestants
union of utrecht, 1579
treaty that unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands against Spanish control
individualism
stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one’s talent and capabilities
martin luther
publicly questioned the abuses committed by the Catholic Church and whose calls for reform ultimately precipitated the
Protestant Reformation
skepticism
a philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain; a doubt in anything one believes to know or holds true
priesthood of all believers
Luther’s doctrine that all believers in Christ share his priestly status, eliminating any special classes
humanism
an intellectual movement typified by a revived interest in the classical world and studies, which focused not on religion but
what it is to be human
act of supremacy, 1534
defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links
with Rome
sola scriptura
theological doctrine that postulates the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith
diet of worms, 1521
an imperial assembly of the Holy Roman Empire that was convened to determine how authorities should respond to the
teachings of Martin Luther
christian humanism
an intellectual movement that combined humanism’s focus on the material world and the love of study with a more personal
understanding of Christianity
mercantilism
theory that global wealth was static and that a nation became wealthier at the expense of other nations; a nation’s wealth was
increased by importing more gold and silver into its economy than it sent out
treaty of westphalia, 1648
ended the Thirty Years’ War, recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland, granted more
independence from the weakened Holy Roman Empire, and Lutherans and Calvinists were granted religious tolerance
5 words to describe period 1
Reformations and Wars of Religion
P1: Social / Economic / Cultural:
Women - Improved status, more educated female population, changing marriage
roles (monastic clergy v. marriage), rise and decline of witchcraft | Slave Trade- rise: plantation economy in colonies of new world. africans shipped to new world | Missionaries | Printing Press –
increased literacy | Economic – Mercantilism (colonies to support wealth- bring in silver/gold- more imports than exports), growth of the Dutch Republic
P1: Political
Transition from New Monarchs (army loyal to monarchy- limit power of feudal aristocracy- efficient, centralized systems of taxation- encouraging national identity- fostering trade) to Absolutism, Northern European rulers embraced
the Reformation, declining power of the papacy, shift from Habsburg dominated Europe to French & English controlled, Wars of Religion (protestant reformation disruption in religious/political order- revolt- territorial ambitions and great power conflicts.)
P1: turning point
treaty of westphalia, 1648
P1 Key Documents:
Documents: Peace of Augsburg (1555 – princely choice), Edict of Nantes (1598 – religious toleration /stability), Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
P1 Key Figures:
Charles V (Spain), Martin Luther (Germany), Nicolaus Copernicus (Poland)
P1 key events:
95 Theses, Thirty Years’ War (1618-48), English Civil War (1642-51)
How was the Renaissance born in the Italian city-state in the late medieval period?/ Why Italy?
- Italian towns were wealthy from international trade w/ high levels of artisan craftsmanship – fostered individualism and secularism
- Italian city-states were politically independent – flourished in the absence of the papacy (Babylonian Captivity)
- Medici family & significance of Florence (birth place of the Renaissance)
-commercial revival
How were these new values reflected in the arts and in literature?
- Three-dimensional space (perspective)
- Architects adopted Roman forms (Duomo)
- Sculpture was now freestanding (nude)
- Telling stories through art (usually biblical)
- Number of women writers - Humanists wrote in Latin, but vernacular was soon developed
- Glorification of classical writings (Greco-Roman)
What distinguished the Northern Renaissance?
- Less of a break from the Medieval World (more of a fusion between old and new); Religion remained a strong element
- Christian humanism was more prominent than humanism - Universities were created (theology)
- Northern humanists called for institutional reform – most notably Sir Thomas More and Desiderius Erasmus
How did the states outside of Italy develop under the New Monarchs?
- Characteristics: restricting private armies of the nobles, centralization of power, and asserting control over religion in their states
- Henry VII (Tudor – England) – War of the Roses – successful at taming nobles through the Star Chamber
- Louis XI (Valois – France) – built up an army, expanded borders, subdued nobles, secured the ability to raise taxes w/o consent
- Ferdinand & Isabella (Habsburg – Spain) – unity provided by Catholicism; expulsion of Jews & Muslims
- Holy Roman Empire – generally had limited authority until Charles V (ruled Spain, Austria, Netherlands, Spanish America, some kingdoms
in Italy, Bohemia) – threat of Ottomans helped secure his authority
What were Luther’s criticisms of the church?
- Was in emotional agony out of fear he was damned - Found no solace in the church’s sacraments & rituals (unnecessary)
- Salvation by “faith & works” – preferred “faith alone” - Selling of indulgences – John Tetzel’s German campaign
- Papal corruption & lack of reform - Sola Scriptura
- Transubstantiation, Monasticism, Celibacy, Purgatory, Saints
What was unique about English Protestantism?
- Henry VIII broke with the Pope over dynastic reasons (The Great Matter) – Catherine of Aragon
- Act in Restraint (1533) declared the king to be the supreme sovereign in England (not the church)
- Act of Supremacy (1534) declared the king to be the head of the Church of England – subjects were required to take an oath (Thomas More)
Why does the Protestant Reformation matter so much?
- All Protestant churches share certain traits: ministers can marry, rather than priests; only two or three sacraments; no monks or nuns; no papal
authority; vernacular liturgy, no transubstantiation or indulgences; no formal fast days or pilgrimages; no saints or the relics; no purgatory, and
reliance on Scripture alone - Changed family life; promoted marriage rather than celibacy and rejected the withdrawal from family life as ideal
- Women increased status within the home and were generally encouraged to become literate (were not given positions of authority w/in Protestant
churches) - Shattered the notion of “one church and one political authority”
How did the Catholic Church fight back against Protestantism?
- Council of Trent was called in 1545 after several decades of delay caused by political infighting; concluded in 1563
- Popes prevented any significant erosion of papal power
- No concessions in matters of doctrine
- Instituted reforms of monastic life
- Papal Inquisition to suppress dissent
- Promoted missionary work & founded many new religious orders (Ursulines & Jesuits)
- Index of Prohibited Books to prevent the reading of heretical material
- Nevertheless, Europe was divided into three forms of Christianity (Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox
How and why did religion wars begin in France? Who won?
- 1550s persecution of Huguenots, French Calvinists, & St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of Protestants (ordered by Catherine de’ Medici)
- Henri IV became king after the assassination of both the reigning king & the leader of the Catholic party – established the Bourbon dynasty
- Converted to Catholicism – “Paris is well worth a mass” – issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted limited religious freedom
- Restored order & prosperity – never called the Estates General – laying down the foundation for royal absolutism
- Assassinated in 1610 – Cardinal Richelieu (adviser to Louis XIII) strengthened the economy & restrained the nobles
What were the divisions within the Holy Roman Empire?
- Holy Roman Empire was large, divided by ethnicity, religion, and languages – isolated, culturally and economically, from Western Europe
- German religious tensions grew by the arrival of Calvinism & spread of Lutheranism into normally Catholic states
What was the Thirty Years’ War, and why was it important?
- Both a German civil war about Catholicism versus Protestantism, constitutional issues, centralization versus decentralization, and an
international war involving most major European powers - Phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Swedish-French
- German states were little involved, but they suffered as their lands were the stage for international conflict (exploited by foreign powers)
What were the long-term consequences of the Peace of Westphalia?
- A setback for the Counter-Reformation in Germany (1555 Peace of Augsburg – “princely choice”)
- Holy Roman Empire was weakened with the independence of Netherlands & Switzerland; delayed German unification
- Germany was terribly damaged by war; population loss = 1/3; Germany ceased to have a significant role for the next two centuries
- European unity was severely damaged – independent nations sought their own interests
- Ended the European wars of religion; reasons of the state (raisons d’ etat) were now and henceforth dominate
How do European trade patterns change when the Atlantic changes from a barrier to a bridge?
- Around 1500, the Atlantic became a major development in world history, promoting the mass movement of peoples, ideas, and foods, enhancing
the importance of naval power, favoring the European states on the Atlantic, and leading to new concepts like racism & European superiority - Europe becomes the center of the global trade network
What was the impact of the encounter between Europe and the Americas on both regions?
- Religious: converting masses of “heathens” to Christianity - Economic: plentiful supplies of gold & silver
- Social: places for displaced gentry, who now become conquistadors - Slavery and the importation of African slaves
- Spain & Portugal divided up the New World (Treaty of Tordesillas)
- Fewer Spaniards immigrated to the colonies, leading to disdain in Spain for American-born whites called Creoles
- Silver mines in Peru (1545) led to huge exports of silver to Spain – helped finance Spain’s counterreformation efforts
What were the characteristics of mercantilism, and why did governments adopt it?
- Goal of a favorable balance of trade by encouraging exports and reducing imports of raw materials
- Guild restrictions were seen as hindrances; royal governments began to regulate apprenticeships and wages
- Gov’t played a large role in the economy – introduction of new industries, encouraged production, negotiated treaties for trade, protective tariffs
catholic reformation
-Aims- define church dogma, contain protestantism, eliminate protestantism, reform the church, reaffirm papal authority, deepening religious/spiritual experience, spread catholicism
-methods- counsel of trent (1545-63), index of forbidden books, inquisition, place greater emphasis on education, banned the selling of indulgences, boroque art, jesuits
-degree of success- reaffirmed central authority of the church, wars of religion (netherlands, france, germany, england), no concessions to protestantism, conversion/reconversion in europe, asia, africa, americas
Germany, 1517-1555, wars of religion
Key Figures: Martin Luther, Pope Leo X, Johann Tetzel, Charles V
Key Terms: 95 Theses (1517), Diet of Worms (1521), Schmalkaldic War, Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Causes of Tension/Hostilities: Indulgences, 95 Theses, German Nationalism, Princes v. HRE
Ultimate Outcome: Peace of Augsburg - cuius regio, eius religio, Recognition of Lutheranism
Winners: Lutheranism, German Princes
Losers: Catholicism, Habsburgs
France, 1568-1598, wars of religion
Key Figures: Catherine de Medici, Henri III, Henri of Navarre (Henri IV)
Key Terms: Huguenot, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), War of the Three Henrys (1587-89), Politiques, “Paris is well worth a mass”, Edict of Nantes (1598)
Causes of Tension/Hostilities: Calvinism, Henri III & Succession
Ultimate Outcome: Edict of Nantes – Religious Toleration, French stability
Winners: Huguenots, House of Bourbon, France
Losers: House of Valois, House of Guise, Habsburgs
The Netherlands, 1568-1648, wars of religion
Key Figures: Charles V, Philip II
Key Terms: Union of Utrecht (1579), Dutch Independence, Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Causes of Tension/Hostilities: Calvinism, Dutch Independence, English Interference
Ultimate Outcome: Dutch Independence
Winners: Calvinism, The Dutch
Losers: Catholics, Habsburgs
england wars of religion
Key Figures: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Philip II (Spain), Elizabeth I, Mary Queen of Scots
Key Terms: Great Matter, Act of Supremacy, Spanish Armada (1588)
Causes of Tension/Hostilities: Anglicanism, Dutch Independence, Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
Ultimate Outcome: England > Spain
Winners: Anglicans, House of Tudor
Losers: Catholics, Habsburgs
