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ATI - Chemistry > AP Chem Ch3 > Flashcards

AP Chem Ch3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a chemical formula?

A

A method for describing compositions of atoms (molecules, formula units, and/or compounds). There are various types such empirical formula (letters + ionic bonds), molecular “condensed” formula (letters + molecule), and molecular structural formula (2d bond structure + covalent bonds (molecule)).

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2
Q

Water of hydration

A

The water molecules that are found in crystalline structures (i.e., the hydrates).

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3
Q

Crystal

A

A periodic arrangement of atoms (or molecules).

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4
Q

Hydrates

A

Compounds with “trapped” water molecules.

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5
Q

How is a hydrate indicated in a formula?

A

A dot.

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6
Q

Prefix for ‘4’

A

Tetra

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7
Q

Prefix for ‘7’

A

hepta

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8
Q

Prefix for ‘9’

A

nona

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9
Q

Aqueous

A

Of water, typically referring to a solvent.

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10
Q

Why do equations need to be balanced?

A

Law of conservation of matter

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11
Q

Coefficients

A

A multiplier

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12
Q

Why can’t formulas be altered in an equation?

A

The equation is the given (by who?). Think of the pigments - you wanted a certain outcome.

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13
Q

Why can’t the subscripts be altered in an equation?

A

It would change the molecules involved.

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14
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

A specific type of double replacement reaction where the two reactants are pairs of acid + base. The products are salt and water.

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15
Q

What determines a substances pH?

A

How many free H+ atoms there are (these result from hydrogen bonds overpowering covalent bonds with H2O).

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16
Q

Formation reaction

A

Same as a synthesis reaction but the product must have a coefficient of one.

17
Q

Addition reaction

A

Similar to a synthesis reaction except the molecules rather than elements are synthesized (this seems to be the case at least).

18
Q

Net ionic reaction

A

An ionic reaction in aqueous solution. This typically results in one ionic substance from each group to react (with the other in the pair being a “spectator” ion).

19
Q

Half-reaction

A

Half of the redox process (either oxidation or reduction).

20
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reaction)

A

A reaction where electron(s) are transferred.

21
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons (looses positive charge)

22
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons.

23
Q

Representative elements

A

Elements in the s & p blocks. They have regular properties and tend to follow uniform principles.

24
Q

What elements tend to form cations?

A

Representative metals.

25
Q

What elements tend to form anions?

A

Representative non-metals.

26
Q

Typical electron configuration of transition metals and why it’s helpful.

A

Increasing by principle number. It helps to deduce the typical ions formed by the metal.

27
Q

Polyatomic ion

A

Charged groups of atoms that are highly stable and tend to act as a unit in chemical reactions.

28
Q

Pg 142, Table 3.3 of polyatomic ions

A

XX

29
Q

Law of electroneutrality

A

Compounds must have neutral charge (note that polyatomic ions are technical compounds but are not considered here).

30
Q

How to balance an ionic reaction

A

Bring the superscripts down as coefficients on the opposite reactant.

31
Q

What types of elements are involved in ionic bonds?

A

Metal and non-metal

32
Q

Naming with ions

A
  1. Cation before anion
  2. Cations name is used as is, with numerals to indicate charge if it can have different charges.
  3. Monatomic anions are prefixed with ‘-ide.’ Polyatomic are unique.
33
Q

What happens to most ions in water?

A

They dissolve and separate into the cations and anions.

34
Q

Solubility rules

A
  1. Compounds containing sodium or potassium cations or ammonium ions are soluble
  2. Compounds containing nitrate are soluble.
35
Q

Driving forces that determine if a double-replacement will occur.

A
  1. Water is a strong driving force - if water is a product, it is very likely that a double-replacement is occurring.
  2. Formation of a precipitate (insoluble compound) is another indicator of a driving force.
  3. The formation of a covalent compound from an ionic reaction - many times in the form of organic acids or gases).
36
Q

Net Ionic Equations

A

An equation that cancels out the “spectator” ions. See the link for how - http://www.occc.edu/kmbailey/Chem1115Tutorials/Net_Ionic_Eqns.htm

37
Q

Spectator ions

A

Ions that are a reactant and product of a reaction but don’t undergo any change. For instance, they start in an aqueous solution as single ions and end as single ions.

38
Q

What is a single replacement reaction between?

A

An element and an ionic compound which then forms a new element and ionic compound.

39
Q

Two types of single replacement reactions

A
  1. Metal element reactant becomes a cation product

2. Nonmetal element reactant becomes an anion product.

ATI - Chemistry (8 decks)

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