Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > AP Biology: ch43 Immune > Flashcards

AP Biology: ch43 Immune Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Innate immunity

A

Is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth
Involves nonspecific responses to pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Acquired immunity ( aka adaptive)

A

after exposure to inducing agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances
Very specific response to pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

INNATE IMMUNITY- BROAD DEFENSE

Broken down into:

A
  1. external defenses

2. Internal Defenses: cellular and chemical mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

External defense:

A
  1. Intact skin and mucous membranes
    Form physical barriers that bar the entry of microorganisms and viruses
    Secretions:
    Mucus production- viscous and traps particles
    Tears- contain lysosome
    Oil and sweat glands- acidic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the trachea, ciliated epithelial cells

A

Sweep mucus and any entrapped microbes upward, preventing the microbes from entering the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Internal cellular defenses

A

Depend mainly on phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phagocytes, types of white blood cells

A

Ingest invading microorganisms

Initiate the inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phagocytes attach to their prey via surface receptors

A

And engulf them, forming a vacuole that fuses with a lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Macrophages, a specific type of phagocyte

A

Can be found migrating through the body

Can be found in various organs of the lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The lymphatic system

A

Plays an active role in defending the body from pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins- Internal Innate Immunity

A

Attack microbes directly of impede their reproduction
Complement System: made of 30 different proteins
causes lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation
Interferons ( alpha and beta)
Secreted by virus infected cells and cause other cells to inhibit viral reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Histamine and other chemicals released from injured cells

A

Promote changes in blood vessels that allow more fluid, more phagocytes, and antimicrobial proteins to enter the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

Patrol the body and attack virus-infected body cells and cancer cells
Trigger apoptosis in the cells they attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Many invertebrates defend themselves from infection

A

Sea stars: ameboid cells do phagocytosis
Insect exoskeleton, mucous membrane- external barrier
Insects hemolymph- contains hemocytes which ingest bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lymphocytes provide specific defenses against infection

A

Triggered after innate immunity is turned on

Cytokines- chemicals released from phagocytes that activate lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

An antigen is any foreign molecule

A

recognized by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A lymphocyte actually recognizes

A

and binds to specific site called epitope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The vertebrate body is populated by two main types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)
Circulate through blood
Concentrated in spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymph tissue
Each cell only one type of antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

B Cell Receptors for Antigens

A

Two specific binding sites- attach to whole antigens

Are often called membrane antibodies or membrane immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T Cell Receptors for Antigens and the Role of the MHC

A

Consists of two different polypeptide chains

Single antigen binding site for each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T cell receptors

A

T cells bind to small fragments of antigens
That are bound to normal cell-surface proteins called MHC molecules
MHC molecules
Are encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Infected cells produce MHC molecules

A

Antigen presentation: antigen fragments bound and transported to the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A nearby T cell

A

Can then detect the antigen fragment displayed on the cell’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Class I MHC- nucleated cells that have been infected or turned cancerous

A

Display peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells ( kills cells when activated)

25
Q

CLASS II MHC in dendritic, macrophages and B cells

A

Obtain antigens through phagocytosis

Display antigens to helper T cells

26
Q

MHC importance

A

Family of genes to encode for MHC ( at least 6)
Most polymorphic allele sets per person
Most people heterozygous for EACH gene
Each person has a MHC fingerprint
As many genes as possible to match when doing organ transplants

27
Q

LYMPHOCYTES:

A

develop in bone marrow

28
Q

Newly formed lymphocytes are all alike

A

But they later develop into B cells or T cells, depending on where they continue their maturation

29
Q

As B and T cells are maturing in the bone and thymus

A

Their antigen receptors are tested for possible self-reactivity

30
Q

Lymphocytes bearing receptors for antigens already present in the body

A

Are destroyed by apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional

31
Q

In a primary immune response

A

Clonal selection: Binding of antigen to a mature lymphocyte induces lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation
Peaks at 10- 17 days

32
Q

Clonal B Cell Selection

A

Generates a clone of short-lived activated effector cells and a clone of long-lived memory cells

33
Q

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

Memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response

34
Q

Humoral immune response

A

activation and clonal selection of B cells, production of secreted antibodies

35
Q

Cell-mediated immune response

A

activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells

36
Q

Helper T cells produce CD4, a surface protein

A 
Helps Helper T to bind to class II MHC molecule–antigen 
Activation of the helper T cell then occurs
37
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells: eliminate infected and cancer cells

A

Bind to Class I MHC antigen on target cell
make CD8
protein that enhances the interaction between a target cell and a cytotoxic T cell
Activated cell releases perforin to make holes in cell and proteolytic enzymes (granzymes) to kill cell

38
Q

Activation of B cells

A

Is aided by cytokines and antigen binding to helper T cells

39
Q

B cell clonal selection

A

Generates antibody-secreting plasma cells
Class II MHC molecules + CD4 displayed ON macrophage after phagocytosis
Helper T cell produces clones
Helper T activates B cell with help of cytokines from T cell
B cell clonal selection to make
memory B cells and Plasma cells which secrete antibody

40
Q

The binding of antibodies to antigens

A

Leads to elimination of microbes by phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis

41
Q

Active Immunity

A

Develops naturally in response to an infection
Or by immunization, also called vaccination ( uses nonpathogenic form or part of a microbe to create an immune response and create memory cells)

42
Q

Immediate, short-term protection

A

Is conferred naturally when IgG crosses the placenta from mother to fetus or when IgA passes from mother to infant in breast milk
Can be conferred artificially by injecting antibodies into a nonimmune person

43
Q

Certain antigens on red blood cells

A

Determine whether a person has type A, B, AB, or O blood

Opposite antibody is present in serum

44
Q

Recipient-donor combinations

A

Can be fatal or safe

45
Q

Another red blood cell antigen, the Rh factor

A

Creates difficulties when an Rh-negative mother carries successive Rh-positive fetuses
Mother can mount a immune reaction against the fetus
Later pregnancies of Rh + fetus – mother has memory cells which can destroy baby RBC
Preventable- mom can be injected with Anti-Rh IgG antibodies

46
Q

MHC molecules

A

Are responsible for stimulating the rejection of tissue grafts and organ transplants

47
Q

The chances of successful transplantation are increased

A

If the donor and recipient MHC tissue types are well matched

If the recipient is given immunosuppressive drugs

48
Q

Allergies are exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses

A

To certain antigens called allergens
Originally a response to parasitic worms?
Antibodies are released in response to pollen etc
If pollen gets in launches histamine for full inflammatory response

49
Q

An acute allergic response sometimes leads to anaphylactic shock

A

A whole-body, life-threatening reaction that can occur within seconds of exposure to an allergen

50
Q

ANAPHYLATIC SHOCK

A

Acute allergic response
Mast cells all drop granules causing massive blood vessel dilation
Blood pressure drops
Death can happen in a few minutes
Epi pen- counteracts blood vessel dilation

51
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A

The immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules of the body
Lupus- antibodies ( autoantibodies) against histones and DNA that is being released from broken down cells

52
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Leads to damage and painful inflammation of the cartilage and bone of joints

53
Q

Other examples of autoimmune diseases include

A

Multiple sclerosis
Insulin-dependent diabetes
Crohns disease

54
Q

Immunodeficiency Diseases

A

Inability to protect body from pathogens or cancer cells

55
Q

An acquired or secondary immunodeficiency

In severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

Called Bubbly Boy syndrome

Both the humoral and cell-mediated branches of acquired immunity fail to function

56
Q

People with AIDS

A

Are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers

57
Q

Arises from the loss of helper T cells

A

Both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are impaired

58
Q

The loss of helper T cells

A

Results from infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

AP Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions