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AP Biology > AP biology: 29-30 > Flashcards

AP biology: 29-30 Flashcards

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1
Q

For more than the first 3 billion years of Earth’s history

A

The terrestrial surface was lifeless

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2
Q

Since colonizing land

A

Plants have diversified into roughly 290,000 living species

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3
Q

Researchers have identified green algae

A

(charophyceans) as the closest relatives of land plants

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4
Q

Many characteristics of land plants

A

Also appear in a variety of algal clades ( Kingdom Protista currently)

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5
Q

There are four key traits that land plants share only with charophyceans

A

Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
Peroxisome enzymes
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast

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6
Q

In charophyceans

A

A layer of a durable polymer called sporopollenin prevents exposed zygotes from drying out

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7
Q

The accumulation of traits that facilitated survival on land

A

May have opened the way to its colonization by plants

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8
Q

Many adaptations

Emerged

A

after land plants diverged from their charophycean relatives

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9
Q

Systematists

A

Are currently debating the boundaries of the plant kingdom

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10
Q

Some biologists think that the plant kingdom

A

Should be expanded to include some or all green algae

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11
Q

Until this debate is resolved

A

This textbook retains the embryophyte definition of kingdom Plantae

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12
Q

Five key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophyceans

A 
Apical meristems
Alternation of generations
Walled spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular gametangia
Multicellular dependent embryos
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13
Q

Fossilized spores and tissues

A

Have been extracted from 475-million-year-old rocks

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14
Q

Whatever the age of the first land plants

A

Those ancestral species gave rise to a vast diversity of modern plants

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15
Q

Absence of vascular tissue

A

Bryophyta- including mosses, liverworts and hornworts

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16
Q

Presence of Vascular Tissue

A

Pterophytes- ferns- seedless vascular
Gymnnosperms- naked seeds vascular
Angiosperms- seed and fruit producing, flowering plants

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17
Q

Bryophytes are represented today by three phyla of small

A

herbaceous (nonwoody) plants
Liverworts, phylum Hepatophyta
Hornworts, phylum Anthocerophyta
Mosses, phylum Bryophyta

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18
Q

In all three bryophyte phyla

A

Gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes

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19
Q

Bryophyte gametophytes

A

Produce flagellated sperm in antheridia
Produce ova in archegonia
Generally form ground-hugging carpets and are at most only a few cells thick

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20
Q

Some mosses

have

A

conducting tissues in the center of their “stems” and may grow vertically

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21
Q

Bryophyte sporophytes

A

Grow out of archegonia
Are the smallest and simplest of all extant plant groups
Consist of a foot, a seta, and a sporangium

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22
Q

Hornwort and moss sporophytes

A

Have stomata

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23
Q

Sphagnum, or “peat moss”

A

Forms extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat
Plays an important role in the Earth’s carbon cycle

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24
Q

Bryophytes and bryophyte-like plants

A

Were the prevalent vegetation during the first 100 million years of plant evolution

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25
Q

Vascular plants

A

Began to evolve during the Carboniferous period

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26
Q

These early tiny plants

A

Had independent, branching sporophytes

Lacked other derived traits of vascular plants

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27
Q

In contrast with bryophytes

A

Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the larger generation, as in the familiar leafy fern
The gametophytes are tiny plants that grow on or below the soil surface

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28
Q

Vascular plants have two types of vascular tissue

A

Xylem and phloem

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29
Q

Xylem

A

Conducts most of the water and minerals

Includes dead cells called tracheids

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30
Q

Phloem

A

Distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Consists of living cells

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31
Q

Roots

A

Are organs that anchor vascular plants
Enable vascular plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
May have evolved from subterranean stems

32
Q

Leaves

A

Are organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy for photosynthesis

33
Q

Leaves are categorized by two types

A

Microphylls, leaves with a single vein

Megaphylls, leaves with a highly branched vascular system

34
Q

According to one model of evolution

A

Microphylls evolved first, as outgrowths of stems

35
Q

Sporophylls

A

Are modified leaves with sporangia

36
Q

Most seedless vascular plants

A

Are homosporous, producing one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

37
Q

All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants

A

Are heterosporous, having two types of spores that give rise to male and female gametophytes

38
Q

Seedless vascular plants form two phyla

A

Lycophyta, including club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
Pterophyta, including ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives

39
Q

Modern species of lycophytes

A

Are relics from a far more eminent past

Are small herbaceous plants

40
Q

Ferns

A

Are the most diverse seedless vascular plants

41
Q

The ancestors of modern lycophytes, horsetails, and ferns

A

Grew to great heights during the Carboniferous, forming the first forests

42
Q

The growth of these early forests

A

May have helped produce the major global cooling that characterized the end of the Carboniferous period
Decayed and eventually became coal

43
Q

Seeds changed the course of plant evolution

A

Enabling their bearers to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems

44
Q

In addition to seeds, the following are common to all seed plants

A

Reduced gametophytes
Heterospory
Ovules
Pollen

45
Q

The gametophytes of seed plants

A

Develop within the walls of spores retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte

46
Q

Seed plants evolved from plants that had megasporangia

A

Which produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

47
Q

Seed plants evolved from plants that had microsporangia

A

Which produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

48
Q

An ovule consists of

A

A megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments

49
Q

Microspores develop into pollen grains

A

Which contain the male gametophytes of plants

50
Q

Pollination

A

Is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

51
Q

If a pollen grain germinates

A

It gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

52
Q

Pollen, which can be dispersed by air or animals

A

Eliminated the water requirement for fertilization

53
Q

A seed

A

Develops from the whole ovule

Is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat

54
Q

Among the gymnosperms are many well-known conifers

A

Or cone-bearing trees, including pine, fir, and redwood

55
Q

The gymnosperms include four plant phyla

A

Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Gnetophyta
Coniferophyta

56
Q

Fossil evidence reveals that by the late Devonian

A

Some plants, called progymnosperms, had begun to acquire some adaptations that characterize seed plants

57
Q

Gymnosperms appear early in the fossil record

A

And dominated the Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems

58
Q

Living seed plants

A

Can be divided into two groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms

59
Q

Key features of the gymnosperm life cycle include

A

Dominance of the sporophyte generation, the pine tree
The development of seeds from fertilized ovules
The role of pollen in transferring sperm to ovules

60
Q

Angiosperms

A

Are commonly known as flowering plants
Are seed plants that produce the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
Are the most widespread and diverse of all plants

61
Q

The key adaptations in the evolution of angiosperms

A

Are flowers and fruits

62
Q

The flower

A

Is an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

63
Q

A flower is a specialized shoot with modified leaves

A

Sepals, which enclose the flower
Petals, which are brightly colored and attract pollinators
Stamens, which produce pollen
Carpels, which produce ovules

64
Q

Fruits

A

Typically consist of a mature ovary

Can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations, enhancing seed dispersal

65
Q

In the angiosperm life cycle

A

Double fertilization occurs when a pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the center cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm

66
Q

The endosperm

A

Nourishes the developing embryo

67
Q

Clarifying the origin and diversification of angiosperms

A

Poses fascinating challenges to evolutionary biologists

68
Q

Angiosperms originated at least 140 million years ago

A

And during the late Mesozoic, the major branches of the clade diverged from their common ancestor

69
Q

In hypothesizing how pollen-producing and ovule-producing structures were combined into a single flower

A

Scientist Michael Frohlich proposed that the ancestor of angiosperms had separate pollen-producing and ovule-producing structures

70
Q

The two main groups of angiosperms

A

Are monocots and eudicots

71
Q

Basal angiosperms

A

Are less derived and include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages

72
Q

Magnoliids

A

Share some traits with basal angiosperms but are more closely related to monocots and eudicots

73
Q

Pollination of flowers by animals and transport of seeds by animals

A

Are two important relationships in terrestrial ecosystems

74
Q

Humans depend on seed plants for

A

Food
Wood
Many medicines

75
Q

Destruction of habitat

A

Is causing extinction of many plant species and the animal species they support

AP Biology (11 decks)

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