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AP Biology > AP Biology: 42 Circulatory > Flashcards

AP Biology: 42 Circulatory Flashcards

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1
Q

Transport systems

A

Functionally connect the organs of exchange with the body cells

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2
Q

Most complex animals =internal transport systems

A

Exchange fluids between organs and outside environment

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3
Q

More complex animals

A

Have one of two types of circulatory systems: open or closed

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4
Q

Both of these types of systems have three basic components

A

A circulatory fluid (blood)
A set of tubes (blood vessels)
A muscular pump (the heart)

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5
Q

In insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs

A

Blood bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory system

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6
Q

CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

A

Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
More efficient at delivering oxygen to cells

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7
Q

Humans and other vertebrates have

A

a closed circulatory system
Often called the cardiovascular system
Blood flows in a closed cardiovascular system
Consisting of blood vessels and a two- to four-chambered heart

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8
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

Thicker walls due to increased pressure of pumping from heart

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9
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to the heart

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10
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin tubules that reach all tissues. Exhange materials with the tissues
Thin walls facilitates diffusion easier

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11
Q

A fish heart has

A

has two main chambers
One ventricle and one atrium
Blood pumped from the ventricle
Travels to the gills, where it picks up O2 and disposes of CO2

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12
Q

Frogs and other amphibians

A

Have a three-chambered heart, with two atria and one ventricle
The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery
That splits the ventricle’s output into the pulmocutaneous circuit and the systemic circuit

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13
Q

Reptiles have

A

double circulation

With a pulmonary circuit (lungs) and a systemic circuit

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14
Q

Turtles, snakes, and lizards

A

Have a three-chambered heart

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15
Q

In all mammals and birds

A

The ventricle is completely divided into separate right and left chambers
The left side of the heart pumps and receives only oxygen-rich blood
While the right side receives and pumps only oxygen-poor blood

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16
Q

A powerful four-chambered heart

A

Was an essential adaptation of the endothermic way of life characteristic of mammals and birds

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17
Q

The structure and function of the human circulatory system

A

Can serve as a model for exploring mammalian circulation in general

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18
Q

A closer look at the mammalian heart

A

Provides a better understanding of how double circulation works

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19
Q

A region of the heart called the

A 
the sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker
Sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract
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20
Q

Impulses from the SA node

A

Travel to the atrioventricular (AV) node

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21
Q

At the AV node, the impulses are delayed

A

And then travel to the Purkinje fibers that make the ventricles contract

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22
Q

The pacemaker is influenced by

A

Nerves, hormones, body temperature, and exercise

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23
Q

Cardiovascular diseases

A

Are disorders of the heart and the blood vessels

Account for more than half the deaths in the United States

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24
Q

One type of cardiovascular disease

A

atherosclerosis

Is caused by the buildup of cholesterol within arteries

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25
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

Promotes atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke

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26
Q

A heart attack

A

Is the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

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27
Q

A stroke

A

Is the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

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28
Q

GAS EXCHANGE SURFACES

A

Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide

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29
Q

Animals require

A

large, moist respiratory surfaces for the adequate diffusion of respiratory gases
Between their cells and the respiratory medium, either air or water

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30
Q

Gills are

A

outfoldings of the body surface

Specialized for gas exchange

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31
Q

In some invertebrates

A

The gills have a simple shape and are distributed over much of the body

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32
Q

Many segmented worms have

A

flaplike gills

That extend from each segment of their body

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33
Q

The gills of clams, crayfish, and many other animals

A

Are restricted to a local body region

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34
Q

The effectiveness of gas exchange in some gills, including those of fishes

A

Is increased by ventilation and countercurrent flow of blood and water

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35
Q

The tracheal system of insects

A

Consists of tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body

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36
Q

The tracheal tubes

A

Supply O2 directly to body cells

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37
Q

Spiders, land snails, and most terrestrial vertebrates

A

Have internal lungs

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38
Q

A system of branching ducts

A

Conveys air to the lungs

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39
Q

In mammals, air

A

air inhaled through the nostrils

Passes through the pharynx into the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and dead-end alveoli, where gas exchange occurs

40
Q

The process that ventilates the lungs is breathing

A

The alternate inhalation and exhalation of air

41
Q

An amphibian such as a frog

A

Ventilates its lungs by positive pressure breathing, which forces air down the trachea

42
Q

Mammals ventilate their lungs

A

By negative pressure breathing, which pulls air into the lungs

43
Q

Lung volume increases

A

As the rib muscles and diaphragm contract

44
Q

Besides lungs, bird have

A 
eight or nine air sacs
That function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs
Air passes through the lungs
In one direction only
Every exhalation
Completely renews the air in the lungs
45
Q

The metabolic demands of many organisms

A

Require that the blood transport large quantities of O2 and CO2

46
Q

Gases diffuse down

A

pressure gradients

In the lungs and other organs

47
Q

Diffusion of a gas

A

Depends on differences in a quantity called partial pressure

48
Q

A gas always diffuses

A

from a region of higher partial pressure

To a region of lower partial pressure

49
Q

In the lungs and in the tissues

A

O2 and CO2 diffuse from where their partial pressures are higher to where they are lower

50
Q

Respiratory pigments

A

Are proteins that transport oxygen

Greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

51
Q

The respiratory pigment of almost all vertebrates

A

Is the protein hemoglobin, contained in the erythrocytes

52
Q

Like all respiratory pigments

A

Hemoglobin must reversibly bind O2, loading O2 in the lungs and unloading it in other parts of the body

53
Q

Loading and unloading of O2

A

Depend on cooperation between the subunits of the hemoglobin molecule
The binding of O2 to one subunit induces the other subunits to bind O2 with more affinity

54
Q

Cooperative O2 binding and release

A

Is evident in the dissociation curve for hemoglobin
A drop in pH
Lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

55
Q

Cells require a balance

A

Between osmotic gain and loss of water

56
Q

Osmoconformers, (marine animals)

A

Are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do NOT regulate their osmolarity

57
Q

Osmoregulators expend

A

energy to control water uptake and loss

In a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

58
Q

Most invertebrates are

A

osmoconformers

59
Q

Most marine vertebrates and some invertebrates are

A

osmoregulators

60
Q

Bony fish

A

hypoosmotic to sea water
Loss of water by osmosis, gain salt via diffusion and food
Balance water loss by drinking sea water

61
Q

FRESHWATER ANIMALS

A

Constantly take in water from their hypoosmotic environment

Lose salts by diffusion

62
Q

Balance water

A

excrete large amounts of dilute urine

Replace salt with food and diffusion across gills

63
Q

Land Animals Water Management

A

By drinking and eating moist foods and by using metabolic water

64
Q

Desert animals

A

Get major water savings from simple anatomical features

65
Q

NITROGEN WASTES COMPARISON

A

Are the nitrogenous breakdown products of proteins and nucleic acids

66
Q

Ammonia

A

Animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes as ammonia
Need access to lots of water
Release it across the whole body surface or through the gills

67
Q

The liver of mammals and most adult amphibians

A

Converts ammonia to less toxic urea

68
Q

Urea is carried to the

A

the kidneys, concentrated

And excreted with a minimal loss of water

69
Q

Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds

A

Excrete uric acid as their major nitrogenous waste

70
Q

Uric acid is largely insoluble

A

water

And can be secreted as a paste with little water loss

71
Q

Type of waste is dependent on

A

an animal’s evolutionary history and habitat
The amount of nitrogenous waste produced
Is coupled to the animal’s energy budget

72
Q

EXCRETORY SYSTEM BASICS

A

Structurally: Tubular component
Function: Regulate solute movement between internal fluids and the external environment
Produce urine by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids

73
Q

Key functions of most excretory systems are

A protonephridium

A

Filtration, pressure-filtering of body fluids producing a filtrate
Reabsorption, reclaiming valuable solutes from the filtrate
Secretion, addition of toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate
Excretion, the filtrate leaves the system

74
Q

A protonephridium

A

Is a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings

75
Q

The tubules branch throughout the body

A

And the smallest branches are capped by a cellular unit called a flame bulb

76
Q

These tubules excrete a dilute fluid

A

And function in osmoregulation

77
Q

Each segment of an earthworm

A

Has a pair of open-ended metanephridia; release dilute urine

78
Q

In insects and other terrestrial arthropod

A

Remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph and function in osmoregulation
Allow water conservation; dry product

79
Q

KIDNEYS= VETERBRATE MECHANISM OF REGULAITON

A

Functional Unit: Nephrons and associated blood vessels

Principal site of water balance and salt regulation

80
Q

Each kidney

A

Is supplied with blood by a renal artery and drained by a renal vein

81
Q

The mammalian kidney has two distinct regions

A

An outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla

82
Q

The nephron, the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney

A

Consists of a single long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus

83
Q

Filtration occurs as blood pressure

A

Blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule
Nonselective filtration- has contents of blood that are not cellular

84
Q

From Bowman’s capsule

A

the filtrate passes through three regions of the nephron

The proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal tubule

85
Q

Fluid from several nephrons

A

Flows into a collecting duct

86
Q

Nephron lined with transport epithelium

A

Reabsorbs solutes and water

87
Q

Filtrate becomes urine

A

As it flows through the mammalian nephron and collecting duct

88
Q

Secretion and reabsorption in the proximal tubule

A

Substantially alter the volume and composition of filtrate

89
Q

Reabsorption of water continues

A

As the filtrate moves into the descending limb of the loop of Henle

90
Q

The mammalian kidney

A

Can produce urine much more concentrated than body fluids, thus conserving water

91
Q

Two solutes, NaCl and urea, contribute to the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid

A

Which causes the reabsorption of water in the kidney and concentrates the urine

92
Q

Urea diffuses out of the collecting duct

A

As it traverses the inner medulla

93
Q

Urea and NaCl

A

Form the osmotic gradient that enables the kidney to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to the blood

94
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Increases water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney

95
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

Is part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis

96
Q

Another hormone, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

A

Opposes the RAAS

AP Biology (11 decks)

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