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AP bio > AP bio Unit 3 > Flashcards

AP bio Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

redox reaction

A

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

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2
Q

oxidized reactant in cellular respiration

A

glucose

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3
Q

reduced reactant in cellular respiration

A

Oxygen

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4
Q

purpose of cellular respiration

A

produce ATP

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5
Q

NAD+/NADH

A

an organic molecule that serves as an electron carrier by being oxidized (losing electrons) to NAD+ and reduced (gaining electrons) to NADH

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6
Q

Role of NAD+ in cellular respiration

A

the NAD+ picks up electrons from glucose and turns to NADH to transport them

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7
Q

glycolysis location

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

link reaction location

A

mitochondrial matrix

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9
Q

Krebs cycle location

A

mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

Electron transport chain location

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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11
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain

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12
Q

substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate

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13
Q

inputs of glycolysis

A

Glucose, e-, ADP, Pi, H+, NAD+, ATP 2

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14
Q

outputs of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate, ATP 4, NADH, H+, H2O

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15
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.

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16
Q

Krebs cycle inputs

A

2 Acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP

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17
Q

Krebs cycle outputs

A

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

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18
Q

Krebs cycle purpose

A

make electron carriers NADH and FADH2 to move on to ETC

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19
Q

amount of ATP produced per glucose during cellular respiration

A

30 - 32

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20
Q

Oxidation and Reduction in ETC

A

-NADH is oxidized (loses e-)

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21
Q

-oxygen is reduced (gains e-)

A
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22
Q

Use of energy from ETC

A

creation of ATP

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23
Q

reason for double membrane in mitochondria

A

Hydrogen ions stored between membranes

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24
Q

How ATP is generated in the ETC

A

The hydrogen ions that went into the membrane from the electron transport chain are forced to leave through an enzyme called ATP synthase which creates ATP from ADP and phosphate with the energy from the hydrogen ions leaving.

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25
Q

Why cellular respiration is completed in steps

A

To maximize the usage of the energy being produced

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26
Q

Step of cellular respiration where glucose is completely oxidized

A

2 turns of the Krebs cycle

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27
Q

Steps of cellular respiration where oxygen is needed

A

Pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle require oxygen to be present. Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) requires oxygen as an input

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28
Q

final electron acceptor of ETC

A

oxygen which then creates water

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29
Q

Protein pumps in ETC

A

create the H+ gradient in ETC

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30
Q

Oxygen’s purpose in ETC

A

Very electronegative, pulls in the electrons at the end.

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31
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that catalyzes chemical reactions.

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32
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.

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33
Q

Substrate

A

The reactants that enzymes act upon.

34
Q

Active Site

A

Region on enzyme where substrate binds.

35
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

Enzyme changes shape to bind substrate better.

36
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Inhibitor mimics substrate, blocking active site.

37
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds elsewhere, changing enzyme shape.

38
Q

Cofactors

A

Nonprotein helpers for enzyme activity.

39
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic cofactors that assist enzymes.

40
Q

Energy Coupling

A

Using exergonic reactions to drive endergonic ones.

41
Q

ATP

A

Energy carrier with three phosphate groups.

42
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate, lower energy form than ATP.

43
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

Direct transfer of phosphate to ADP from substrate.

44
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

ATP production via electron transport chain reactions.

45
Q

Glycolysis

A

Process breaking down glucose to pyruvate.

46
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Series of reactions producing electron carriers and CO2

47
Q

Electron Carriers

A

Molecules that transport electrons in cellular respiration.

48
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic process converting sugars to acids or alcohol.

49
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process converting light energy into chemical energy.

50
Q

Light Reactions

A

Convert solar energy into ATP and NADPH.

51
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Uses ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose.

52
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

Attachment of CO2 to RuBP in Calvin Cycle.

53
Q

Rubisco

A

Enzyme catalyzing carbon fixation in photosynthesis. Most abundant enzyme on earth

54
Q

G3P

A

Intermediate product in the Calvin Cycle. one is released at the end while 5 are kept in the cycle

55
Q

Accessory Pigments

A

Molecules that capture additional light energy.

56
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

57
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membrane structures in chloroplasts for light reactions.

58
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid in chloroplasts where Calvin Cycle occurs.

59
Q

Absorption Spectrum

A

Wavelengths of light absorbed by chlorophyll.

60
Q

pH in Thylakoid Space

A

Lowest due to high hydrogen ion concentration.

61
Q

pH in Stroma

A

Highest due to lower hydrogen ion concentration.

62
Q

ATP synthase

A

Enzyme facilitating ATP production via hydrogen ions.

63
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Pigments responsible for red, purple, and blue colors in plants.

64
Q

Xanthophylls

A

Yellow pigments that help in light absorption.

65
Q

Chlorophyll breakdown

A

Process revealing accessory pigments during autumn.

66
Q

Light reaction inputs and outputs

A

inputs - 2 H2O, 3 ADP, 3Pi, 2 NADP+; outputs - O2, 2 NADPH, 3 ATP

67
Q

Calvin cycle inputs and outputs

A

inputs - 3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH; outputs - 9 ADP, 6 NADP+, 6 H2O, 9 Pi

68
Q

Photosynthesis Equation

A

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

69
Q

Oxidized Molecule in photosynthesis

A

Water (H2O) loses electrons during photosynthesis.

70
Q

Reduced Molecule in photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2) gains electrons during photosynthesis.

71
Q

Photosystem I (PSI)

A

Complex where light energy re-excites electrons for further transfer.

72
Q

NADP+ in photosynthesis

A

Final electron acceptor in photosynthesis, forming NADPH.

73
Q

PGA

A

3-carbon molecule formed during carbon fixation phase.

74
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Oxygen-utilizing process generating maximum ATP.

75
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Oxygen-free process using metals as electron acceptors.

76
Q

Oxidation and reduction in Glycolysis

A

glucose is oxidized and ADP is reduced

77
Q

Exergonic Reactions

A

Reactions that release energy, regenerating ATP.

78
Q

Metabolism

A

Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions.

79
Q

Catabolism

A

Energy-releasing reactions that break down molecules.

80
Q

Anabolism

A

Energy-requiring reactions that synthesize molecules.

AP bio (5 decks)

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