AP bio unit 1 Flashcards
Polar molecule
A molecule with a positive end and a negative end
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
hydrogen bonds that water can form
four hydrogen bonds
cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
surface tension of water
the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between molecules of water at the surface.
specific heat of water
very high
water’s moderation of temperature
high specific heat allows H2O to change less temperature when absorbs / loses heat
water’s insulation
Ice is lighter than water, so it can float and insulate the water underneath
effects of heat of vaporization on living organisms
evaporative cooling and rain
Why ice floats
ice has a lower density that that of liquid water
4 degrees Celsius
water is most dense
Solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
why water is a good solvent
polarity
hydrophobic
Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
hydrophilic
Attracted to water
acid
adds hydrogen ions
base
reduces hydrogen ions
Buffer
takes and releases hydrogen ions when a solution needs it
bonds that a carbon atom can form
four
type of bonds carbon atoms form
single or double
Carbon skeletons vary in
length, branching, double bonds, rings
hydrocarbon
Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbon polarity
non-polar
Isomer
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
structural isomers
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
cis-trans isomers
pair of molecules are on the same or different sides of the double bond
enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
functional groups
chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality
CO
carbonyl group
-OH
hydroxyl group
-COOH
carboxyl group
carboxyl group behaves like
acid
hydroxyl group polarity
polar
-NH2
amino group
amino group behaves like
base
-SH
sulfhydryl group
sulfhydral group
thiol
-OPO3 2-
phosphate group
phosphate group and water
hydrophilic
CH3
methyl group
Methyl group function
non-polar molecule that inactivates genes
macromolecule
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
monomer
small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction where two molecules bond by removing a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
monosaccharides
simple sugars
Monosaccharide examples
glucose, fructose
Disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
disaccharide examples
sucrose, lactose
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
storage polysaccharides
plants - starch, animals - glycogen
cellulose
structural polysaccharide component of plant cell walls.
Chitin
structural polysaccharide that forms exoskeleton
Carbohydrates
functional groups in carbohydrates
hydroxyl and carbonyl
carbon in abbreviated ring structure
carbon at each unlabeled corner
bond to form disaccharide
glycosidic linkage (covalent)
glycosidic linkage in cellulose
beta 1-4
Lipids and water
hydrophobic
Components of fat
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
functional groups of a fat
carboxyl and hydroxyl
glycerol molecules have ___ hydroxyls
three
bonds that connect fats
ester linkages
saturated fatty acid
a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
hydrogenated fats
add hydrogen to liquid unsaturated fats to make them solid saturated fats
the kinks in an unsaturated fatty acid are caused by ___
cis double bonds
phospholipid
a lipid that contains a phosphate group instead of a third hydrocarbon
phospholipids form
cell membranes
phospholipid tails
nonpolar, hydrophobic
phospholipid heads
polar, hydrophilic
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
cholesterol uses
Steroid hormone synthesis
Cholesterol dangers
processed in liver, can be bad for blood
disulfide bridges
covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein
denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat, pH, or other factor
primary protein structure
sequence of a chain of amino acids
secondary protein structure
occurs when hydrogen bonds link the sequence of amino acids.
Helices or pleated sheets
The shape of a secondary structure
tertiary protein structure
3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions
quaternary protein structure
protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
peptide bond
covalent bond formed between a carboxyl and amino group in proteins
Dipeptide
Two amino acids bonded together
polypeptide
long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
r group
a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.
number of r groups
20
groups that make up amino acids
carboxyl, amino, hydrogen, r group, and central carbon
Components of nucleic acids
a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
DNA number of strands
two
RNA number of strands
one
DNA arrangement
antiparallel
RNA arrangement
different for different purposes
DNA bases
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
RNA bases
Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
sugar-phosphate backbone
The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached
