AP BIO UNIT 1 Flashcards
Amino acid
A basic building block of a protein and polypeptide chains,
Anabolic
Endergonic (uses energy), build polymers for energy storage
Monomer of a carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Carbon
Used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms, has 4 valence electrons that can be used for bonding and will always form 4 covalent bonds.
Catabolic
Exergonic (releases energy) breaks down polymers to generate ATP
Catalyst
Speeds up reactions
Disaccharide
A type of carbohydrate molecule formed by the linkage of two monosaccharide units joined together by a glycosidic (double sugar) bond
Hydrogen bond
Interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons
Hydrophillic
Mixes with water
Hydrophobic
Does not mix with water
Ion
Cation: Positive ions formed by losing electrons
Anions: Negative ions formed by gaining electrons
Monomer of a lipid
Fatty acid and a glycerol molecule
Macromolecule
Large molecules composed of two or more polymers combined together
Monomer
1 single building block
Monosaccharide
Includes simple sugars. Consist of carbon atoms to which are attached hydrogen atoms. They are basic carbohydrate units
Non-polar molecule
The electrical charge is distributed evenly across the molecule,
Function of nucleic acid
the storage and expression of genomic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, encodes the information cells need to make proteins.
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. They consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
Organic molecule
One or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen
Peptide bond
A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond, which joins two amino acids by removing H2O from an amino group of one amino acid and a carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain.
Polar molecule
One side of the molecule is positively charge and the other side is negatively charged
Polymer
Multiple building blocks put together, different types of bonds link the monomers together to form polymers
What is protein made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)
Substrate
Something that is used to make a product, if paired with enzymes it can speed up the process of making the product
Polymer of a carbohydrate
Polysaccharide
What is a carbohydrate made of
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen (1:2:1)
Carbohydrate structure
Monosaccharides can be linear or ring shaped hexamer rings. Monomers are held by glycolic bonds.
Function of carbohydrates
Its a short term energy source, energy storage, provides structure
Monomer of protein
Amino acid
Polymer of protein
Polypeptide
Function of protein
Transporting, cell signaling, structure, and catalyzing reactions (enzymes)
Polar ion
Polar is when there is unequal distribution of electrons - charge is 0
Non-polar ion
Charge is 0
Polymer of a lipid
triglycerides
What are lipids made of
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (1:2 very little oxygen)
Lipid function
Long-term energy storage, important structural component of cell membrane, insulation and protection of organs
Structure of a lipid
Nonpolar, hydrophobic macromolecules
Nucleic acid
Large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses.
CHNOPS
Most common elements in all living matter
Ionic bonds
Transfer electrons
Covalent bonds
Sharing- polar/unequal sharing and non-polar/equal sharing
Cohesion
Attraction to other water molecules
Adhesion
Attraction to other
charged compounds
Solute
Substance being dissolved
Solvent
The thing that is dissolving the solute
Solution
The final mixture of the solute dissolved into the solvent
