AP Bio Chapter 8 Flashcards
cell respiration
processes in which cells acquire energy bu breaking down sugar make 36 to 38 ATP
cell respiration equation
C6H12O6 +6o2–>6CO2+6H2O
oxidized
sugar is oxidized in to CO2
Reduced
Oxygen is reduced to H20
loss of energy
39% of energy in sugar is acctually used- lost as unusable heat
NAD+
co enzyme of oxidation- accepts 2 e- and a H becomes NADH
Fad+
co enzyme- accepts 2e- and 2H becomes FADH2
anarobic
no oxygen needed
aerobic
oxygen needed
glycolisis
happens in cytoplasm, is anarobic
breaks down glucose in to 2 pyruvates.
Needs 2 ATP to jump start and produces 4 ATP for a net gain of 2 ATP.
sends 2NADH to ETC
cytochrome
protein that binds
substrate level phosphorylation
makes 2 ATP by adding P to ADP
fermentation
anarobic, pyruvate is reduced by NADH (sending NAD+ back so it is free if oxygen becomes present) to lactate. It is lactate or Alcoholic makes only 2 ATP
Preparatory reaction
pyruvate turns into C2 (acetyl group) and CO2 is produced. electrons removed form pyruvate attach to NAD+ to become NADH. this happens 1 per pyruvate so it happens twice. produces no atp is prep for Krebs and ETC
Citric Acid cycle
Krebs- happens in matrix, the C2 combines with a C4 to become a C6, goes around cycle until the citrate (C6) is broken down into CO2 (4 CO2). 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 go to ETC. 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
ETC- NADH and FADH2 give up electrons and H.
electrons goes down ETC forcing H out of Mitochondria. There is a higher concentration out side so H comes back in through ATP synthase complex. This rotates connecting P to ADP thus going through chemiosmosis making ATP. H then attaches to O to make water. 32-34 ATP made
Chemiosmosis
production of ATP
catabolism
break down
anabolism
build up
metabolic pool
storage center so pyuvate can always be produced
deamination
removal of an amino group
Flow of energy
Sun>Plant>Chloroplast>sugar/carbohydrate>Mitocondria>ATP
