AP Bio Chapter 4-5 Review Flashcards
Active Transport
the movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (usually from ATP).
Aquaporin
A type of integral membrane protein that facilitates the transport of water across the cell membrane.
Concentration Gradient
The gradual change in concentration of a solute in a solution as one moves through space.
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Electrochemical Gradient
Combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on the movement of ions across a membrane
Electrogenic Pump
A transport protein that generates a voltage across a membrane, contributing to the electrochemical gradient.
Endocytosis
The process of engulfing particles or fluids by the cell membrane to bring them into the cell.
Exocytosis
The process of releasing substances from a cell by fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane.
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.
Gated Channel
A type of ion channel that opens or closes in response to specific stimuli.
Glycogen
A polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, particularly in the liver and muscles.
Glycolipid
A lipid molecule with an attached carbohydrate chain, found in cell membranes.
Glycoprotein
A protein with one or more attached carbohydrates, often serving as cell surface receptors or markers.
Hypertonic
the ideal osmotic environment for plant cells. more movement into the cell than out
Hypotonic
theideal environment for animal cells, equal movement in and equal movement out
Ion Channel
A protein that allows the passage of ions across the cell membrane.
Integral Protein
Proteins that are permanently embedded in the cell membrane.
Isotonic
A solution with the same solute concentration as another solution.
Ligand
A molecule that binds to a receptor, often a signaling molecule.
Osmoregulation
The regulation of water balance and solute concentration in organisms.
Osmosis
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Passive Transport
Movement of molecules across a membrane without the expenditure of energy.
Peripheral Protein
Proteins associated with the surface of the cell membrane but not embedded in the lipid bilayer.
Phagocytosis
The process of engulfing large particles or whole cells by a cell.
Pinocytosis
The process of engulfing fluids and dissolved substances by a cell.
Plasma Membrane
The outer boundary of the cell, separating it from the external environment.
Proton Pump
An electrogenic pump that actively transports protons across a membrane.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Endocytosis initiated by the binding of specific molecules to cell surface receptors.
Selective Permeability
The property of a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting others.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
An active transport mechanism that pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the cell’s electrochemical gradient.
Tonicity
The relative concentration of solutes in two solutions separated by a membrane.
Transport Protein
Proteins that facilitate the movement of substances across cell membranes.
Cell Wall
a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells
Centrioles
Cylinder organelles near the nucleus in animal cells
involved in development of spindle fibers in cell division.
Chloroplasts
found in plants or algae, and the sites of photosynthesis. converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compound such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
Chromosomes
structure that carries the genetic information. each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule associated with many proteins including small basic proteins called histones.
Cilla
moving water relative to the cell in a regular movement (typically for single celled organisms; prokaryotes)
Cytoskeleton
a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization.
regulates cell movement
Cytosol
home of the cytoskeleton, the cytosol contains dissolving nutrients that help break down waste products and moves material outside of the cell.
Desmosomes
(anchoring junction) attaches muscle cells to each other in a muscle, some muscles tear involving a rupture
Endomembrane System
where the membrane bonded organelles are located like the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus.
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane and thus appears rough through the electron microscope
Smooth ER
it is the outer surface lacks ribosomes
Eukarytotic
Animal cells
Flagella
The tail threadlike structure of the prokaryote cell
Gap Junctions
(known as the communicating junction)
communication between cells in many types of tissues, such as heart muscles and in animal embryos.
Golgi Apparatus
products from the ER such as proteins, are modified and stored and then sent to other destinations.
think of the Golgi bodies as a warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping, and even manufacturing.
Intermediate Filaments
only found in the cells of some animals, including vertebrates. Functions as a permanent framework of the entire cell
Are sturdy, and play an important role in reinforcing the shape of a cell and fixing the position of certain organelles.
Lysosome
breaks down of injested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling. (movement out of the cell).
Microfilaments
Are thin, solid rods that are called actin filaments because they are made from actin. Found in all Eukaryotic cells
the function of the microfilament in the cytoskeleton is to support cell structure and help in cell movement
Microtubules
Are hallow rods, constructed from the protein tubulin. Found in all Eukaryotic cells
microtubules work together with the motor proteins to serve as a track/shape for protein movement. Are also involved in separation of chromosomes during cell division.
Mitochondria
cellular respiration, generating energy to make ATP
Nuclear Envelope
Encloses the nucleus, Protective barrier arounds its genetic material.
contains tiny pores and is lined by nuclear lamina, the tiny pores regulate entry and exit of proteins like RNAs,
Nucleoid
a region within the prokaryotic cells where the genetic material of the cell is located.
unlike Eukaryotic cells they don’t have a membrane bound nucleus
Nucleolus
the nucleolus is a specialized region within the nucleus responsible for the production and assembly of ribosomes. As ribosomes are crucial for synthesizing proteins, the nucleolus plays a key role in the cell’s ability to carry out essential cellular functions.
Nucleus
Houses chromosomes, which are made of chromatins (DNA and proteins) surrounded by the nuclear envelop (a double membrane) with pores that regulate entry in and out of the membrane only found in an Eukaryotic cell.
Organelles
organelles are specialized structures within an Eukaryotic cells, each having different functions all contributing to cellular process
Peroxisome
organelle with various specialized metabolic functions, producing hydrogen peroxide as.a by product and then converts it to water, contributes to homeostasis as-well.
Plasma Membrane
functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and waste to contribute to the entire cell.
Plasmodesmata
cytoplasm channel through cell walls that connect to cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
Prokarytoic
lacking nuclei and other membrane enclosed organelles while eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize cellular functions.
Ribosomes
celular components that carry out protein synthesis (are not considered organelles because ribosomes are not membrane bound)
Tight junctions
These junctions play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of cell layers and regulating the passage of molecules through the intercellular space
Vacuoles
digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, plant cell growth and protection.
Vesicles
sacs made of membrane, diverse roles in cellular transport, storage, and communication.
Moter Proteins
are responsible for transport of vesicles and movement of organelles within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
structures are polymers of protein subunits. Microtubules are hallow structural rods made of tubilin protein subunits, whilst microfilaments have two chains of actin proteins wounded around each other.
Chromosomes
structures that carry the genetic material in the Nucleus, the complex of DNA and proteins making up the chromosomes are called chromatin.
free ribosomes
suspended in the cystosol
bound ribosomes
are attached on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope
