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AOS3 Social Influences on Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

What is a group

A

Two or more people who interact with each other.

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2
Q

Definition of power

A

The ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them.

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3
Q

What are the Types of power

A 
Reward 
Coercive 
Information 
Legitimate 
Expert 
Referent
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4
Q

What is Reward power, and an example

A

the ability to provide the desired response

eg. teacher lets you out early if you work well

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5
Q

What is Coercive, and an example

A

ability to provide an unpleasant response

eg.teacher keeps in students because they were not working

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6
Q

What is Information, and an example

A

having knowledge that others desire

eg. teacher knows more information about the course

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7
Q

What is Legitimate, and an example

A

power is given by a higher authority and may be due to role or position.
eg. police, prime minister, principal

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8
Q

What is expert, and an example

A

power is due to skills and depth of knowledge.

eg.doctor or motor mechanic

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9
Q

What is referent, and an example

A

power from others’ desire to relate to the person.

eg. admired person (sports star, parent.)

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of leadership

A

democratic, authoritarian, laissez-faire

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11
Q

What is Democratic leadership

A

the leader negotiates with the group and takes their views into account when making decisions.

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12
Q

What is authoritarian leadership

A

leader makes all decisions with no consultation/agreement/negotiation and controls behaviour of all members of the group

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13
Q

What is laissez-faire leadership

A

‘leader’ is present but takes no part in the decision making or group dynamics. There is no real structure or authority.

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14
Q

What are the IV and DV in Zimbardos experiment.

A

IV - the position or role of either prisoner/guard.

DV - number of hostile acts.

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15
Q

Who participated (ZE)

A

24 American males - university students - all stable both mentally and physically.

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16
Q

What were the results (ZE)

A

After 6 days the experiment was abandoned because the guards took on their role more literally than expected. The ‘prisoners’ began to suffer severe emotional distress and the guards were brutal towards them.

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17
Q

What were the criticisms (ZE)

A

1) The no harm principle was violated, participants still reporting negative effects 40 years later
2) violation of withdrawal rights, they say there was pressure.
3) the experiment caused the government to review the way youth detention was carried out in the US.
4) One participant became a forensic psychologist and spent the last 40 years trying to improve conditions for prisoners in the US.

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18
Q

What were ethical issues (ZE)

A

~violation of the no-harm principle.
~violation of withdraw rights
~ There was in some way harmful deception
~ There wasn’t clear informed consent

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19
Q

What is a meta analysis

A

Is research that examines the results of many other studies and combines all findings. Meaning researchers can have an increased confidence in conclusions because results support each other. More people = more accurate results.

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20
Q

What are the Factors affecting conformity

A 
Deindividuation, 
informational influence,  
Group size
Unanimity, 
social loafing
Normative influence,  
Culture,
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21
Q

What is Normative influence - conformity

A

Going along with the rest of the group to fit in and gain approval.

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22
Q

What is Culture - conformity

A

A cultural difference where it is normalised that people individually make their own conclusions or it is more favoured in a group (collective)

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23
Q

What is informational influence - conformity

A

Is where you believe that another person/group’s opinion is correct because they are more capable of accurate judgement.

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24
Q

What is Group size - conformity

A

People are most likely to confirm to an incorrect answer because the other members in the group have said so. This is most common in a group of 4-9 people.

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25
What is Unanimity - conformity
If one of the confederates did not conform with the group, but gave the correct answer, conformity rates would drop.
26
What is Deindividuation - conformity
The loss of self-awareness and self resistance occurring in group situations.
27
What is social loafing - conformity
When someone allows others to do more work ( Do less due to more people participating.)
28
What is helping behaviour?
Behaviour that benefits other people and society in general.
29
What are the factors influencing helping behaviour
Situation Social-norms Personal characteristics altruism
30
Bystander intervention and effect – define and explain
The bystander effect is when a person voluntarily helps another person. The bystander effect is where someone is more likely to help others when he/she is alone than when there are others around.
31
Decision stage model of helping | There are 5 stages a person will go through before helping someone
``` Noticing the need for help Deciding that it is an emergency Deciding to take responsibility Deciding how to help Taking action to help ```
32
What does it mean by Social norms
A norm is a form of action or behaviour that is standardised and expected in society, they are learned and provide a background for human social interaction.
33
What is reciprocity - social norm
‘Do unto others as you would do to you’ If someone helps you, you feel the need to help them back in return.
34
What is social responsibility - social norm
Members of society are expected to help others in times of need.
35
What are the Personal characteristics of the helper
Empathy Mood Competence Altruism
36
What is Empathy - personal characteristics
Your emotional response to another person's distress. (We find it unpleasant to see someone suffering.)
37
What is Mood - personal characteristics
Your mood will influence whether or not you decide to help someone. Good mood = more likely to help.
38
What is Competence - personal characteristics
The way bystanders perceive their ability to to deal with an emergency successfully eg. if they have first aid-training
39
What is Altruism - personal characteristics
A type of helping behaviour where no reward is expected - may be at a personal cost. - helping may be automatic, or deliberate over a long period of time.
40
Summarise the Kitty Genovese case
Kitty Genovese was murdered in 1964, she was coming home from a late night shift when she was stabbed. Kitty was screaming for help but because no one came to her aid she was continually stabbed and molested until her death, and not one person came to help Kitty. Police discovered that at least 12 people would have heard her cries for help although not one person rang the police.
41
What are some Characteristics of non-helping behaviour
Behaviour that is harmful to others and the community Prejudice and aggression are two particularly harmful anti-social behaviours. Can be hostile, immediate response. Can be deliberate over time.
42
Why does the bystander effect occur?
``` Diffusion of responsibility, proximity of the victim social influence, Audience inhibition, , nature of the bystander. ```
43
What is Diffusion of responsibility
Where you think someone else will do it
44
What is Audience inhibition
Self conscious
45
What is Social influence
The behaviour of other people serves as a role model for our own behaviour. Also, other people can exert pressure to act in a particular way.
46
What is proximity of the victim
How close the victim is to the potential helper. The greater the distance the less likely to help.
47
What is nature of the bystander
Moral development, past experience, personality, mood ect.
48
Definition/explanation of bullying
Bullying is a form of behaviour where one person intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort.
49
What are the different types of bullying
Verbal, physical, cyber, spreading rumours or embarrassing photos
50
What are the effects of bullying
anxiety , stress, loneliness, depression, panic attacks, low self-esteem or suicide.
51
What are some positive influences of advertising
Cultural and political awareness Social skills and development Media literacy Access to new in real time
52
What are some negative influences of advertising
Distraction Negative health consequences Social isolation misinformation
53
What is an IV
what is being manipulated
54
What is a DV
The variable that is measured
55
What is an EV
An Ev is a factor that causes an undesirable change in the value of the DV, but can be controlled.
56
What is an CV
factor other than IV that affects the value of the DV and if they exist, no vail conclusion can be drawn
57
What are the research designs
Independent groups, matched participants, repeated measures
58
What is Independent groups
All participants are a part of both groups meaning they do the ‘test’/experiment twice.
59
What is matched participants
people are allocated to a group based on a common variable
60
What is repeated measures
people are allocated to groups at random.
61
What years were the Latane and Darley studies and which ones were they
1970 -seizure | 1968 - smoke room
62
What was the IV in the smoke room
if they were alone or not
63
What was the DV in the smoke room
time it took for someone to help
64
What was the IV in the seizure
3 different sizes of groups
65
What was the DV in the seizure
number of students who offer to help

Psychology (6 decks)

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