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GCSE Music > AOS1 > Flashcards

AOS1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a recitative?

A

A style in which the text is told in the rhythm of natural speech. Used in operas, oratorios and cantatas.

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2
Q

What is an Aria?

A

A solo vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment to reflect a mood/emotion. Very elaborate to display vocal expertise of singer

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3
Q

What is a Chorus?

A

A movement in the Oratorio where the whole choir sings and sums up the action

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4
Q

State 3 differences between Baroque and Classical Music:

A
  • Baroque music heavily features polyphonic and contrapuntal textures whereas Classical Music is mostly homophonic
  • Baroque music features terraced dynamics, Classical introduces gradual changes
  • Classical music features shorter melodies than Baroque with clear cut phrases and clearly marked cadences
  • Harpsichord continuo is not featured in Classical Music and is instead replaced by piano
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5
Q

State two differences between Baroque and Classical orchestras:

A

• No Harpsichord continuo in the Classical orchestra
• Much more woodwind and brass in the Classical orchestra
• Woodwind became a self contained section of the orchestra
• Lots more percussion in Classical

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6
Q

Who was Handel?

A

A German Composer who wrote Coronation anthems and oratorios

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7
Q

State two features of instrumentation in Handel’s Coronation Anthems

A
  • Large Choir or Orchestra due to the importance of the occassion
  • Strings are prominent in the accompaniment
  • Trumpet fanfares and timpani feature in the triumphant sections
  • Organ plays basso continuo in some sections
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8
Q

State two features of the texture in Handel’s Coronation anthems:

A
  • Textures can vary from homophonic chordal sections of voices and more polyphonic sections
  • Imitation is common in polyphonic sections
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9
Q

State two features of harmony in Handel’s Coronation anthems:

A
  • Mostly Diatonic harmony
  • Clear perfect cadences
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10
Q

What is a melisma?

A

A vocal technique where multiple notes are sung in one syllable

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11
Q

What is imitation?

A

A musical device where a melody in one part is repeated in another part up or down a tone.

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12
Q

What is meant by Basso Continuo?

A

A type of accompaniment popular in the Baroque period played by a bass instrument and a harmony instrument, usually harpsichord.

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13
Q

What is an Oratorio?

A

A large scale composition for solo voices a large choir and orchestra . Sort of like an opera but more religious

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14
Q

Name 3 key features of an Oratorio

A
  • Arias, duets, SATB Chorus
  • Lots of melisma
  • Word painting
  • Arias are highly decorated
  • Melodic sequences were common
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15
Q

What is an Aria?

A

A self-contained piece for solo voice, usually accompanied by an orchestra

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16
Q

Which time does “Baroque” refer to?

A

1600 - 1750

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17
Q

Name 3 key features of Baroque music:

A
  • Polyphonic and Contrapuntal Textures
  • Simple diatonic harmonies
  • Terraced dynamics
  • Lots of ornamentation
  • Complex contrapuntal writing
  • Orchestras are mainly strings
  • Use of continuo
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18
Q

Name 3 different type of ornaments used in Baroque music

A
  • Trills
  • Turns
  • Acciaccaturas
  • Appoggiaturas
  • Mordents
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19
Q

What is meant by terraced dynamics?

A

Sudden changes in dynamics so no cresc or dim

20
Q

What is meant by a contrapuntal texture?

A

Many melodies going at once

21
Q

Name 3 key features of the Baroque Orchestra:

A
  • Mainly strings
  • Harpsichord filled in harmonies
  • Continuo held orchestra together
22
Q

What was the role of the harpsichord player in the Baroque Orchestra?

A

To direct the orchestra and fill in the harmonies

23
Q

What time period does “Classical music” refer to?

A

1750 - 1810

24
Q

Name 2 characteristics of harmony and tonality in classical music

A
  • Simple harmonies based on primary chords
  • Tonality is either major or minor
25
Q

What is meant by Alberti bass?

A

1-3-5-3 bass pattern

26
Q

What are the 3 main forms of classical music

A
  • Sonata form
  • Concerto
  • Symphony
27
Q

Name 3 features of the classical orchestra:

A
  • Much bigger orchestra than Baroque
  • Harpsichord replaced by piano
  • Composers used wind instruments to bind texture
  • Woodwind became a self contained section
28
Q

What is a Sonata and how many movements does it have?

A

A piece for a solo instrument with piano accompaniment. It has 3 movements; fast, slow, fast

29
Q

What is a Concerto and how many movements does it have?

A

A piece for solo instrument with Orchestral accompaniment. It has 3 movements and usually features a cadenza

30
Q

What is a cadenza?

A

A short section where the soloist can show off. They are sometimes improvised

31
Q

What is a Symphony and how many movements does it have?

A

A piece composed for a full orchestra. It has 4 movements

32
Q

Name 2 characteristics of rhythm and metre in classical music

A
  • Regular metre
  • Balanced even phrase lengths
33
Q

Name 2 characteristics of texture in classical music

A
  • Mainly melody and accompaniment
  • Contrapuntal melodies still feature
34
Q

Name 2 characteristics of instrumentation in classical music

A
  • Larger percussion section
  • Invention of piano and clarinet
  • Use of wind instruments to fill harmony
35
Q

Name 2 new dynamic techniques used in classical music

A
  • Sforzando
  • Crescendo
  • Diminuendo
  • Accents
36
Q

Name 3 main characteristics of Romantic piano music:

A
  • Dramatic and Emotive
  • Programmatic titles
  • Used full range of the piano
  • Rubato featured
37
Q

Name 2 features of melody in Romantic piano music

A
  • Complex melodies
  • Chromaticism featured
  • Used full range of the piano
  • Virtuosic
38
Q

Name 2 features of harmony and tonality in Romantic piano music

A
  • 7ths 9ths and 11ths add dissonance
  • Chromaticism
  • Modulated to distant keys
39
Q

Name a feature of texture in Romantic piano music

A
  • Rich dense texture
40
Q

Name 3 features of Verdi’s Requiem:

A
  • Extreme dynamics (ppp - fff)
  • Mostly diatonic harmony
  • Written for 4 solo singers, double choir and a large orchestra
  • Modulates to distant keys
  • Mostly minor to reflect sombre mood
  • Varied tempo for dramatic effect
41
Q

Name 3 features of Faure’s Requiem

A
  • Soprano and Baritone soloists
  • Lots of low strings create a sonorous sound
  • Unusual phrase lengths to create a sense of unease
  • Mostly diatonic with some chromaticism
  • Gradual and subtle dynamics
42
Q

Key features of a Requiem:

A
  • Minor Key to reflect the grave nature
  • Often Written for soloists, large choir and orchestra to add drama and tension to the music.
43
Q

Name 3 General features of Romantic Music:

A
  • Melodies are longer
  • Movements and works are longer than Baroque and Romantic
  • Modulations to distantly related keys
  • Larger orchestras and choirs
  • Thicker textures, Melodies often doubled
  • Extreme range of dynamics
  • Extreme pitch range
  • Richer harmonies with chromaticism and added notes
44
Q

Features of a Romantic Orchestra:

A
  • Valves invented giving brass more flexibility
  • More percussion added
  • Wide Variety of tempos, dynamics and instrumental ranges
45
Q

What are the three main sections of sonata form?

A
  • Exposition
  • Development
  • Recapitulation

GCSE Music (12 decks)

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