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Psychology Unit 3/4 > Aos 4.1 - Sleep > Flashcards

Aos 4.1 - Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD)

A

a circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which sleep and waking occur significantly earlier (by at least 2 hours) than usual
results in evening sleepiness and early-morning insomnia
may lead to impairments in social and/or occupational functioning
more common in elderly people

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2
Q

Alpha waves

A

the medium amplitude, relatively high-frequency brainwave pattern prominent in an awake, relaxed adult whose eyes are closed
brain waves are also present when mediating in or in a state of deep relaxation, and continue into NREM stage 1

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3
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

any state other than ordinary/normal waking consciousness;
different from normal waking consciousness
includes perceptual and cognitive distortions, disturbed sense of time, heightened or suppressed emotions, increased or decreased physiological changes and changes in self-control
includes sleep, dreams, daydreams, relaxation, meditation, hypnosis, drug-induced states, and under anaesthesia

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4
Q

Amplitude

A

in relation to brain waves, the height, or size, of the peaks and troughs indicating the level of voltage within the electrical stimuli

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5
Q

Awareness

A

a subjective condition of being cognisant of something, from internal states or feelings to external, environmental stimuli

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6
Q

Behavioural effects

A

the changes in actions and the ability to control them that arise from sleep deprivation

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7
Q

Beta waves

A

the high frequency, low amplitude brainwave pattern of a normal, awake, alert or highly active person who is concentrating on an external stimulus
also present in REM sleep

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8
Q

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

a measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream

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9
Q

Blue light

A

the bright artificial light emitted by technology such as TV’s, mobile phones and computer screens

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10
Q

Brainwaves

A

the electrical discharges of the brain as recorded by an electroencephalogram (EEG); measured and described in terms of their amplitude (voltage) and their frequency (cycles per second)

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11
Q

Bright light therapy (BLT)

A

a form of treatment for circadian phase disorders
involves exposure to a high-intensity light source at certain times of the day
to re-synchronise circadian rhythms

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12
Q

Circadian phase disorder

A

any sleep disorder caused by a mismatch between a person’s internal circadian rhythm and the sun’s cycle and their actual or required sleep-wake cycle
includes jet lag, shift work sleep disorder, advanced sleep phase disorder and delayed sleep phase disorder

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13
Q

Circadian phase rhythm

A

biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours
e.g. daily sleep-wake cycle

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14
Q

Cognitive effects

A

the changes in mental processes that arise from sleep deprivation

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15
Q

Consciousness

A

the awareness of internal stimuli and external stimuli

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16
Q

Consciousness continuum

A

a model that represents the different levels of consciousness
spans from heightened awareness with extreme concentration, to our normal waking consciousness, through to lowered levels (daydreaming and sleep, a complete lack of awareness)

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17
Q

Daylight

A

natural sunlight, which acts as the primary zeitgeber to boost wakefulness during the day and entrain an appropriate circadian rhythm

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18
Q

Deep sleep

A

NREM stage 3 sleep
a general term given to describe the lowest level of NREM sleep dominated by very slow, large-amplitude delta brain waves where the body is very relaxed and the person is unresponsive to any environmental stimuli and very difficult to wake up

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19
Q

Delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS)

A

a circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which sleep and waking occur significantly later (by at least 2 hours) than conventional sleep patterns results in later sleep onset and wake times. causes impaired alertness and performance during the day
common in adolescence

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20
Q

Delta waves

A

large amplitude, slow (low frequency) brainwaves that are generated during deeper, NREM stage 3 sleep

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21
Q

Eating and drinking patterns

A

The routines in timing of food intake that act as zeitgebers for metabolic processes within our cirdaian cycle

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22
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

a device used to detect, amplify and record the difference in electrical potential generated by the heartbeat and representing it in graphic form
can be used to provide a measure of different states of consciousness, as autonomic arousal is often lowered within these states

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23
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

a device using electrodes attached to the scalp
detects, amplifies, records electrical impulses produced by neurons activated within the brain

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24
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A

a device used in sleep laboratories which detects, amplifies and records electrical activity within the muscles to measure muscle tension. muscle tension is lax during REM sleep

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25
Q

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A

a device that uses electrodes attached to the face that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity within the muscles surrounding the eyes to measure eye movements.

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26
Q

Frequency

A

the number of brain waves per second, described in terms of cycles per second

27
Q

Hypnagogic state

A

fanciful, dreamlike, vivid mental images which may occur just as one enters NREM stage 1 sleep

28
Q

Hypnic jerk

A

a reflex muscle twitch throughout the body that occurs when one is falling asleep (NREM stage 1)

29
Q

Hypnopompic state

A

the final stage of the sleep cycle leading out of sleep as the individual wakes up

30
Q

Induced state of consciousness

A

an altered state of consciousness that does not naturally occur
different levels of awareness along the consciousness continuum that have been purposefully generated or brought about by other factors (e.g alcohol) or due to external influences (e.g. meditation)

31
Q

K complex

A

a characteristic within stage 2 NREM brainwave patterns indicated by a spike of activity which is of a much higher amplitude than the surrounding pattern

32
Q

Light

A

the main environmental cue that influences the sleep-wake cycle, making human awake and alert during the day and sleepy when it is dark

33
Q

Melatonin

A

a hormone released by the pineal gland that causes drowsiness and helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle

34
Q

Microsleep

A

episodes of sleep lasting only a few seconds that are not detected by the brain, posing danger in situations such as driving
characterised by momentary lack of awareness, sudden waking due to the head falling forward or body jerks
occur because of sleep deprivation

35
Q

Naturally occurring state of consciousness

A

a state of consciousness that occurs as part of the natural daily cycle, such as daydreaming, sleep and dreaming

36
Q

Normal waking consciousness (NWC)

A

aka ordinary waking consciousness
a state experienced in moments of wakefulness
awareness of thoughts, feelings and sensations they are experiencing from the environment
attention is focussed and has a sense of time
characterised by low-amplitude, high-frequency irregular activity in an electroencephalogram

37
Q

NREM (non-REM) sleep

A

stages of sleep not associated with rapid eye movements
divided into four stages which vary in the brainwave patterns produced
contain little dreaming during which an individual can move

38
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

a term for REM sleep because the brain is showing a high level of activity while the body is inactive and extremely relaxed (to the point of paralysis)

39
Q

Partial sleep deprivation

A

getting some sleep in a 24-hour period but less than normally required for optimal daytime functioning

40
Q

Physiological responses

A

identifiable biological behaviours involving physical changes within the body
e.g glandular activity or muscular action, that can be used to assess differing states of consciousness

41
Q

Pineal gland

A

an organ located deep within the forebrain responsible for the production and release of melatonin
regulates body rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle

42
Q

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

A

a type of sleep characterised by rapid eye movement, high levels of brain activity, and low levels of physical activity

43
Q

REM rebound

A

the phenomenon where the body increases the relative amount of time spent in REM sleep during sleep periods after being selectively deprived of REM sleep

44
Q

Self-report

A

a method of data collection requiring the individual to answer questions regarding their thoughts and perceptions at that time

45
Q

Sleep

A

an altered state of consciousness
a naturally occurring bodily rhythm marked by reduced metabolism and lowered consciousness

46
Q

Sleep cycle

A

the NREM/REM cycles of about 90 minuts that are evident while individuals progress through their night’s sleep

47
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

a lack of sleep leading to numerous psychological and physical effects
inadequate quantity and/or quality of sleep

48
Q

Sleep disorder

A

a persistent disturbance of typical sleep patterns or the chronic occurrence of abnormal events or behaviour during sleep

49
Q

Sleep hygiene

A

the practices and habits that promote an individual’s sleep patterns

50
Q

Sleep inertia

A

the “groggy”, confused disorientation and poor memory of sleep events experienced by individuals woken during NREM stage 3

51
Q

Sleep spindles

A

irregularities in brainwave patterns
usually NREM stage 2
involving sudden, brief bursts of high-frequency brainwave activity

52
Q

Sleep-wake cycle

A

the natural daily biological pattern of alternating sleep and wakefulness - in humans roughly 8 hours of nocturnal sleep and 16 hours of daytime activity

53
Q

Sleep-wake shifts

A

any disruption to the sleep-wake cycle whereby the period of sleep and wakefulness becomes out of sync to the normal circadian pattern

54
Q

State of consciousness

A

an individual’s level of mental awareness of sensations, perceptions, memories and feelings
one’s state of consciousness can range from being fully awake and focused to unconsciousness

55
Q

Subjective data

A

data obtained by self-report measures in which subjects give verbal or written responses to a series of research questions

56
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus located directly above the optic chiasm that regulates the sleep-wake cycle, using information about the intensity of light received from the retina via the optic nerve

57
Q

Temperature

A

the levels of external heat or cold that can affect an individual’s ability to fall asleep

58
Q

Theta waves

A

the irregular brainwave pattern with a frequency in between alpha and delta waves and a mixture of high and lower amplitude
these brainwaves are characteristic of a person in light sleep

59
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

biological cycles that occur more than once a day and last less than 24 hours
e.g. NREM/REM cycles of about ninety minutes within the sleep period

60
Q

Video monitoring

A

the use of video cameras to record externally observable (or audio) physiological responses of the individual during the night

61
Q

Wellbeing

A

overarching term that encompasses an individual’s physical, emotional and mental health

62
Q

Zeitgeber

A

external cues from the environment that influence the circadian rhythm
e.g. light, temperature, noise, food

63
Q

Affective effects

A

the changes in emotions and emotional responses that arise from sleep deprivation

64
Q

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

sleep disorders that interfere with the typical regulation of the circadian rhythm of sleep, leading to a change in the sleep-wake cycle

Psychology Unit 3/4 (6 decks)

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