aos 1 (sac 2) Flashcards
terra nullius
the land belonged to nobody
commodity
land was of value if you could profit from it
worthship
environment is valued for what it’s worth, if you can make money it’s valuable. if you cannot make profit from it, it’s worthless
Kinship
family bond, seeing the land as family and being a caretaker of it. It’s apart of yourself and essential for survival
Worship
viewed as something pleasant that can be enjoyed but not apart of you and your life
Indigenous Relationships (After settlement)
P: still the same after settlement, nature was seen as mother and they were custodians of the land.
I: hunter gathering- often livestock was stolen from settlers farms as Indigenous food sources had changed from deforestation and no free hunting
nomadic lifestyles- the movement was restricted to new boundaries imposed by farmers and so were food sources in particular areas. they could move freely as barriers and fencing were imposed
I: -the bunurong continued to be sustainable with the land (perceived as mother)
- the restriction on movement meant the food sources were harder to gather, this led to diminishing of resources in one area
- vegetation growth improved, due to banning of fire stick farming but resulted in larger intense bushfires
Relationship First Non- Indigenous Settlers (late 1700, early 1800)
P: fear (superiority to the unknown land), opportunity (new land to profit and new start) and save (improve the land)
I: George Bass explored Phillip Island in 1798. Lt James Grant arrived in 1801 mainly introducing fresh water and farming potentials. Grant cleared Churchill Island to plant Seeds for crops and vegetations
Phillip Island: life was hard during the early times for agricultural purposes with the scarcity of fresh water and caterpillar infestation. Residents moved back to mainland
I: -mainly waterways/creeks/rivers were redirected to give irrigation to the water sheep and farmers. Leading to scarcity of water
- Lt James Grant setting up farmers on Churchill Island, he had cleared much land for crops leading to soil erosion, loss of habitats and Salinity issues.
- sheep were the first animal with hard hooves in Australia soil. plant and native grasses hadn’t evolved to cope and many grasses were wiped out (Kangaroo grass)
Increasing Population (1800-1880)
As a result of the gold rush. In 1851 gold was discovered leading to population increase.
P: the land was increasingly seen as a resource and had the opportunity to make a fortune.
I: in 1842 the Scottish brothers (William and john Mchaffie) rented Phillip Island. It was a pastoral lease which covered the whole island. Cattle was brought for farming.
- ten pouns they took for the lease
- cleared the dense tea tree scrub by creating fires that burnt for days
- more people moved to the island
I: -farming practices began to occur, resulting in a negative impact on the island due to land clearing and destruction of habitats. species were brought to the island leading to decrease in land for native species.
- increased erosion from hard hooves
- negatively impacted as nobody saw the need to protect the land. unrestrained use of resources during this period
Industrialisation (1880-1900)
machinery increased, so did working hours
P: 2 different views- to continued using the land as s resource and for the environment to warrant protection
I: - people at the island built for efficient and infrastructures that lasted longer
- practices of farming occurred larger as more land was destroyed for people to settle on
- introduction of the chicory farming and machinery (harbison road, 1/3 of nations)
- increased recreation and tourism due to improvement in working conditions
I: tourism increased due to the discovery of the little penguins, the environment was negatively impacted by increased visitation and tourism
Nation building (early 1900)
further development of a nation by forming connections through areas
P: the land was seen as a blank canvas with plenty of opportunties
I: In late 1927 the first access road was built to Phillip island and residents began to take tourist by torchlight to see the penguins at the Summerland Peninsula. In 1939 the first bridge was built.
people began to realise the impacts on the environment, national parks were establishing (Wilsons Prom 1898) and had positive impacts as the land was protected
I: At Phillip Island, this allowed for the protection strategies for the penguins population. It became a protected area with people realising the risk. In the 1930’s, 4 hectares was given to protect the penguins, this was positive impact
Increasing tourism can also have a negative impact on the environment as well but it was mostly positive during this time period.
Lake Pedder Foundation
- SWAC began in 1962 with 1000 members aiming to protect Tasmania’s natural wildlife environment therefore fought to save pedder
- joined with UTG in 1972
- Pedder was lost in 1973 when it was dammed
- led to the formation of the wilderness society due to pedders loss
SWAC (positive, before)
P- a playground and cathedral
I- taking hiking groups to Pedder (3 days) or light plane, remote environment, 1955 named a national park
I- minimal impact due to the environment being so remote
CONNECTING SENTENCE: this was how the land was perceived but it changed as the Tas gov + hydro saw it as….
Tasmanian Government and Hydro Electrical Commission (after, negative)
P- resource
I- revoked the national park status in 1967 (tas gov) as the hydro electrical Commission designed the dam at Lake Pedder
I- Dam was built, people could no longer visit, irreverisable damage to the lake by being 20 meters under water, Zooplankton was lost, wave erosion
policies of political parties
the loss of lake pedder led to an increase of environment awareness by both society and political parties. environment shift in the 1970’s and 80’s, 2nd on voters agenda
national parks and wildlife conservation act
1975, Malcolm Fraser liberal approved the act which aimed to preserve national, state and marine parks, saving native flora and fauna with eradicating introduced species, protecting areas with significant land, cultural, societal values
