AOS 1 exam revision Flashcards
What was the 1905 revolution?
What were the effects?
Tsars forces fired into peaceful group of protestors and killed 200.
Tsar forced to give up some absolute powers and create a basic constitutional monarchy and elected gov.
3 Causes of the 1905 revolution?
Russo-Japan war - humiliating defeat reflected negatively on Tsar and Russia
Economic struggles - high levels of poverty and unemployment in working class
Political repression - Tsarist gov was highly repressive and imposed strict censorship laws
WHEN was Bloody Sunday?
Jan 22nd, 1905
WHO was involved in Bloody Sunday?
3 points
Around 3000-5000 workers
Over 100 were killed
Led by Father Gapon
WHERE was Bloody Sunday?
Winter Palace in St Petersburg
What were 3 CAUSES of Bloody Sunday?
Poor working conditions
Economic slump
Ongoing war with Japan
How did Bloody Sunday lead to the October Manifesto?
2 points
People were outraged - sparked widespread protests and revolts across the country
Tsar was forced to listen and give them more rights
WHEN was the October Manifesto published?
30th October, 1905
What are 2 KEY FEATURES of the October Manifesto?
Granted civil freedoms - free speech and assembly
Creation of an elected Duma - allowed voting rights for all, except women)
WHEN were the Fundamental Laws created?
How did they assert his power over the Duma?
Created by Tsar in 1906
Allowed him to rule independently from Duma + right to dissolve it at any time.
WHEN did the Tsar abdicate Russia?
February 1917
3 Reasons WHY Tsar abdicated the throne?
Seen as responsible for issues Russia was facing (economic struggles, food shortages, disorganised supply systems and military)
Lost support of people and military
Facing pressure from advisers (including his brother) to abdicate to prevent further unrest
WHO took Tsars place when he abdicated the throne?
DUAL POWER SYSTEM
Creation of Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soveit
WHO did the Russian Civil War consist of?
The Reds (Red Army)
The Whites (Anti-Bolshevik forces)
Who did the Whites consist of?
Every other political party (Mensheviks, Tsarists, Right SRs)
Estimated 500,000 soldiers
Led by Admiral Kolchak and General Denkin
Who did the Reds consist of?
3 points
Bolshevik/communist forces
Estimated 5 million soldiers
Led by Trotsky
How was the Provisional Gov created?
What did it do?
Duma elected group of men to transition gov into proper elected gov.
Would run gov until official constitutional gov could be elected.
How was the Petrograd Soviet created?
Each factory and soldier unit elected 1 person to represent them in council.
What is the difference between the Provisional Gov and Petrograd Soviet?
2 points
Prov Gov had LEGITIMACY but no power/support.
Soviet had POWER/SUPPORT but no legitimacy.
Why was there foreign intervention in the Russian Civil War?
How was it viewed?
Who were the foreign powers? (4)
Whites received aid from foreign powers as they were significantly smaller and less powerful than the Reds.
Viewed unfavourably
US, UK, FRA, JAP
Why did the Provisional Gov need the Soveit?
2 points
Keep peace with soldiers and workers.
Pass laws and decrees the Prov Gov created.
Why did the Soviet support the Provisional Gov?
Believed it was a step toward Socialism.
Key factor that allowed Bolsheviks to take power?
2 points
Provisional Gov was WEAK.
Decided to stay in the war, failed, lost support of people.
HOW did the Bolsheviks take power?
They used the RED ARMY to take over Petrograd.
Who did the Red Guard consist of?
Soldiers and workers willing to fight for the Soviet’s power.
HOW did the Bolsheviks take power?
3 steps
Trotsky orders RED GUARD to seize key points in Petrograd (train stations + gov buildings)
Lenin announces Bolsheviks have seized power and calls for a SOVIET GOVERNMENT
Red guard storms WINTER PALACE and arrests members who remain.
What happened to the Provisional Government when the Bolsheviks took power?
Kerensky (leader of the Provisional Gov) Fled Petrograd.
Who did the Czech Legion consist of?
How were they significant in the Russian Civil War?
Czech + Slovak soldiers who fought for Russia in WW1.
Planned to leave Russia when revolution began, but were trapped by the Reds.
Why did the Czech Legion seize the Trans-Siberian Railway?
When was it taken back by the Reds?
Seized majority of it to secure exit from Russia + gave protection from Bolsheviks
November 1918
WHAT was War Communism?
2 points
Series of policies implemented by communist Gov.
Involved nationalising industry and confiscating food from peasants + farmers to feed the Red Army.
Why did War Communism FAIL?
Surplus crop farmers grew would be sold, so they stopped growing.
What were 3 social implications of War Communism?
Food shortages led to starvation and malnutrition among population.
Sparked conflict between gov and peasants.
Peasants did not want to join Whites, formed their own army (the Greens).
When was the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced?
March 1921
WHAT was the New Economic Policy?
2 points
Allowed for reintroduction of limited private enterprise.
Peasants allowed to sell surplus crop in market, whilst state retained control of heavy industry, banking, transportation.
WHY was the New Economic Policy implemented? By who?
Implemented by Lenin as temporary retreat from war communism.
Who were bag men?
How did the NEP affect them?
Tiny businesses where men traded goods from city in country side.
Worked in black market before NEP, now were key traders + suppliers for NEP.
