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Psychiatry > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different models of stress?

A

1 - Biomechanical ‘engineering’

2 - Medicophysiological

3 - Psychological (Transactional)

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2
Q

What factors will influence an individuals reaction to stress?

A

1 - Cognitive processing of any perceived threat

2 - Perceived ability to cope

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3
Q

What are the 2 ways of coping with stressors?

A

1 - Problem focused

2 - Emotion focused

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4
Q

What is an example of the problems focussed approach to dealing with stressors?

A

Efforts directed towards modifying the stressor - e.g. preparing for exams or an interview

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5
Q

What is an example of the emotion focussed approach to dealing with stressors?

A

Modifying emotional reaction - e.g. denial or taking a sedative drug

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6
Q

What organs and hormones are involved in the bodies natural stress response system?

A

Brain - Amygdala and Hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland - Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

Adrenal Gland - Cortisol & Adrenaline released

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7
Q

What are the different groups of symptoms experienced from anxiety (‘fight or flight response’)?

A

1 - Psychological arousal

2 - Autonomic arousal

3 - Muscle tension

4 - Hyperventilation

5 - Sleep disturbance

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8
Q

What is the name of the curve that represents the relationship between stress levels and performance?

A

Yerkes Dodson curve

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9
Q

What are the psychological symptoms of stress producing anxiety?

A

1 - Fearful anticipation

2 - Irritability

3 - Sensitivity to noise

4 - Poor concentration

5 - Worrying thoughts

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10
Q

What are the autonomic symptoms produced by a stress producing anxiety?

A

GI - Dry mouth, swallowing difficulties, frequent loose bowel movements, flatulence

CVS - Palpitations, tight chest

CNS - Dizziness & sweating

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11
Q

What are the physiological symptoms associated with a stress response?

A

Muscle tension

Hyperventilation

Sleep disturbance

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12
Q

What are the similarities and differences between phobic anxiety disorder and general anxiety disorder?

A

Similarities - Share the same core anxiety symptoms

Differences - Timing of when they occur (Phobias associated with specific circumstances, GAD occurs persistently)

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13
Q

What are the features of GAD?

A
  • Persistent symptoms (several months) not confined to a situation or object
  • All symptoms of human anxiety occur (psychological, autonomic, muscle tension, hyperventilation, sleep disturbance)
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14
Q

What are some of the differential diagnosis for anxiety disorders?

A

Psychiatric:

  • Depression
  • Schizophrenia
  • Dementia
  • Substance misuse

Physical:

  • Thyrotoxicosis
  • Phaeochromocytoma
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Asthma
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15
Q

Are woman or men more affected by anxiety disorders?

A

Woman

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16
Q

What is thought to be the cause of GAD?

A
  • A stressor acting on a personality predisposed to the disorder by a combination of genetic factors and environmental influences in childhood
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17
Q

How is GAD managed?

A

1 - Counselling

2 - Relaxation training

3 - Medication (SSRI’s or TCA)

4 - CBT

18
Q

What is phobic avoidance?

A

When a person behaves in a way to avoid the circumstances that create their phobic anxiety

19
Q

What is anticipatory anxiety in relation to phobic anxiety disorders?

A

Person experiences anxiety if there is a perceived threat of encountering the feared object or situation

20
Q

Give examples of clinically important phobic anxiety syndromes?

A

1 - Specific phobias

2 - Social phobia

3 - Agorapobia

21
Q

What are the features of social phobia?

A

Inappropriate anxiety in situation where person feels observed or could be criticised:

  • Restaurants
  • Shops or ques
  • Public speaking
  • Can be any general anxiety symptom but blushing and tremor are most common
22
Q

How is social phobia managed?

A

1 - CBT (addresses groundless fear of criticism) - Negative views of self, ‘safety barriers’, unrealistically high standards, excessive self-monitoring

2 - Education and advice

3 - SSRI’s

23
Q

What are the core features of OCD?

A

Experience of recurrent obsessional thoughts and or compulsive acts

24
Q

What are some examples of obsessional thoughts experienced by people with OCD?

A

1 - Ideas, images or impulses that occur repeatedly

2 - These ideas, images or impulses can be unpleasant and distressing (obscene or violent images)

3 - Individual believes them to be their own true thoughts

4 - General anxiety symptoms arise because of the distress of the thoughts or attempts to resist them

25
Q

Apart from thoughts, what other form can OCD take?

A

Compulsive acts or rituals:

  • Stereotypical behaviours repeated again and again
  • Not enjoyable or helpful
  • The acts are viewed by sufferer as preventing harm to self or others
  • Resisting activity results in key anxiety symptoms
26
Q

What is the overall 1-year prevelance of OCD?

A

2%

27
Q

Does OCD affect men or woman more?

A

Both same

28
Q

What is thought to the cause of OCD?

A

Theory of genetic abnormalities - Genetic coding for 5HT receptors

29
Q

How is OCD managed?

A

General measures - education & explanation, involve partner & family

Serotonergic drugs - SSRI’s

CBT - exposure and response prevention, examining evidence to weaken convictions

30
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Delayed and or portracted reaction to a stressor of exceptional severity

31
Q

What are examples of PTSD?

A

1 - Combat

2 - Natural or human-caused disaster

3 - Rape

4 - Assault

32
Q

What are the 3 key elements that are thought to bring on PTSD?

A

1 - Hyperarousal

2 - Re-experiencing the event

3 - Avoidance of reminders of the event

33
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperarousal?

A

1 - Persistent anxiety

2 - Irritability

3 - Insomnia

4 - Poor concentration

34
Q

What are the features of someone re-experiencing the event that caused PTSD?

A

1 - Intense intrusive images (either flashbacks when awake or nightmares during sleep)

35
Q

What are the features of avoidance caused by PTSD?

A

Avoidance:

  • Emotional numbness
  • Cue avoidance
  • Recall difficulties
  • Diminishes interests
36
Q

What is the prevelance rate of PTSD?

A

1-4%/YEAR

37
Q

Are woman or men more likely to suffer PTSD?

A

Woman

38
Q

What is thought to cause PTSD?

A

1) Nature of stressor (life threatening and greater exposure = greater risk)
2) Vulnerability factors:
- Mood disorder
- Trauma as a child
- Lack of social support
- Female
- Higher education and social group (Protective)
- Good paternal relationship (Protective)
3) Genetic susceptibility

39
Q

How is PTSD managed?

A
  • Survivors of disasters screened at 1 month
  • If ‘mild symptoms’ observed then use watchful waiting and review 1 month later
  • CBT if more severe symptoms
  • Eye movement desensitisation
  • SSRI’s
40
Q
A

Psychiatry (18 decks)

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