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Pharmacology fall 2024 > Antivirals (Exam V) > Flashcards

Antivirals (Exam V) Flashcards

1
Q

Are viruses alive or dead?
What are they?

A
  • Neither (can be active or inactive)
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
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2
Q

What two components do all viruses have?

A
  • Capsid (external coating)
  • Core of nucleic acids
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3
Q

What does the statement “most viruses are self-limiting” mean?

A
  • They are dealt with by the body’s innate immune defense mechanisms and require no antiviral medication.
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4
Q

What are the two overarching categories of viruses?

A
  • DNA Viruses
  • RNA Viruses
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5
Q

What sub-category of RNA viruses is unique? How are they different from other viruses?

A
  • Retroviruses
  • Reverse Transcriptase mechanism (RNA → DNA vs DNA → RNA → proteins)
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6
Q

What type of anti-viral therapy is non-targeted?

A

Interferon

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7
Q

What is a viral capsid?
How would a nucleocapsid differ from this?

A
  • Shell surrounding nucleic acids
  • Nucleocapsids are capsid & nucleic acid together.
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8
Q

What is a viral envelope usually composed of?

A
  • Modified piece of a host cell membrane
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9
Q

Naked viruses consist only of a ____________.

A

nucleocapsid

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10
Q

What component of a virus allows “docking” on host cells?

A

spikes

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11
Q

How does a virion differ from a virus?

A
  • Virion = Fully formed virus able to establish infection in a host cell.
  • Virus = No metabolic activity yet (needs to infect something)
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12
Q

Virus families are denoted with the suffix _______.

A

-viridae (herpesviridae)

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13
Q

Virus genera are denoted with the suffix ______

A

-virus (simplexvirus)

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14
Q

What is the viral family of the influenza viruses?

A
  • Orthomyoxviridae
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15
Q

What is the viral family of HIV?
What about the genus?

A
  • Retroviridae
  • Lentivirus
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16
Q

What genuses are in the Herpesviridae family?

A
  • Simplexvirus (Herpes Simplex 1 & 2)
  • Varicellovirus (Varicella Zoster = chickenpox)
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17
Q

What is the viral family of the Hepatitis viruses?
What about the genus?

A
  • Hepadnaviridae
  • Hepadnavirus
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18
Q

What are the five phases of viral replication?

A
  • Adsorption
  • Penetration
  • Synthesis
  • Maturation
  • Release
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19
Q

What is the process of viral adsorption?

A
  • Attachment of virus to host cell via spike protein
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20
Q

What is the process of viral penetration?
What is it called if the entire virus enters the cell?

A
  • Entry of virions (or genome) into host cell
  • Uncoating
21
Q

What is the process of viral synthesis?

A
  • Creation of new nucleic acids, capsid proteins, & other viral components.
22
Q

What is the process of viral maturation?

A
  • Assembly of newly created viral components into complete virions.
23
Q

What is the process of viral release?

A
  • Release of new virions from host cells.
24
Q

What two types of viral release exist? Differentiate the two.

A
  • Lytic → rupture of host cells, fast & self-limiting (think GI virus)
  • Lysogenic → Slow release, makes host cell become viral factory. Can become lytic eventually.
25
Q

What is the prototypical, first antiviral drug?
What is its mechanism of action?

A
  • Acyclovir
  • Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis
26
Q

What is the indication for Acyclovir?

A

HSV & VZV

27
Q

What is acyclovir’s mechanism of action?

A
  • Impersonates the deoxyribose sugar of a DNA chain. Missing a hydroxyl group so the chain ends up terminating.
28
Q

When is acyclovir indicated?
Does this change for pregnancy?

A
  • HSV 1 & 2, and VZV infections.
  • Beneficial in pregnant women, ↓ viral shedding and ↓ c-section rate.
29
Q

What viral component allows HIV to bind to CD4⁺ T-lymphocytes?

A
  • gp120 spike protein
30
Q

Which antiviral is a inhibitor of reverse transcriptase?
What is the therapy called when this drug is combined with others to treat HIV?

A
  • Azidothymidine (AZT) Zidovudine
  • Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
31
Q

Which drugs have activity against both HBV and HIV?

A
  • Lamivudine
  • Telbivudine
  • Tenofivir
32
Q

When would one use Tenofivir?

A
  • HIV & HBV
  • Lamivudine-resistant HBV
33
Q

How do Lamivudine & Telbivudine work?

A
  • Inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase
  • Inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase
34
Q

Interferon can be used for ____________ but it’s better at treating _______ ________.

A

viruses ; autoimmune diseases

35
Q

What antivirals are available to treat influenza?

A
  • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
  • Zanamivir (Relenza)
  • Baloxivir Marboxil (Xofluza)
36
Q

When must tamiflu be give to be successful?
How much efficacy do antiviral influenza drugs have?

A
  • 48hrs
  • Usually shorten course of illness by 1 day.
37
Q

Who should not be given Relenza (Zanamivir) for their influenza infection?
Why?

A
  • Patients with asthma & COPD
  • Relenza is an inhaled medication
38
Q

Which influenza antiviral is a one-time dose pill?
Who cannot receive this medication?

A
  • Xofluza (Baloxivir Marboxil)
  • Pregnant and/or breastfeeding mothers, & hospitalized or very ill patients
39
Q

What human cell surface antigens are used to categorize influenza subtypes?

A
  • Hemaglutinin (H1, H2, H3)
  • Neuramindase (N1, N2)
40
Q

What role does human hemaglutinin have influenza infection?

A
  • Viral attachment to human cells
41
Q

What role do human neuraminidases have in influenza infection?

A
  • Cell Penetration
42
Q

Between Flu A & Flu B, which is generally more severe?

A
  • Influenza A.
43
Q

Which Influenza subtype has less antigenic shift and is generally more mild?
Who is generally more affected?
Does this flu infect anything other than humans?

A
  • Influenza B
  • Children
  • Seals
44
Q

What is the progression of a COVID infection?

A

Attachment to ACE receptors → inflammatory mediators → WBCs → Cytokine Storm.

45
Q

What severe outcomes can occur with cytokine storm?

A
  • ARDS
  • Multi-Organ Failure
  • Hyperinflammation syndrome
  • Death
46
Q

What gene may be responsible for an increased susceptibility to COVID infection/severity?

A
  • Alu Polymorphism in ACE receptors
47
Q

What PO drug has been approved for COVID infection?

A
  • Paxlovid
48
Q

What parenteral drugs have been approved for COVID? Give their MOAs.

A
  • Remdesevir - chain termination inhibiting new viral synthesis.
  • MABs - block COVID entry into cells

Pharmacology fall 2024 (23 decks)

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