ANTIVIRAL Flashcards
1
Q
Smallest of all the self replicating
organisms
A
Viruses
2
Q
They utilize host metabolic enzymes
A
Parasitic
3
Q
They utilize host ribosome for protein
synthesis
A
Parasitic
4
Q
True or False
Virus can replicate outside a
living organism
A
False; Can’t
5
Q
True or false
Virus are considered to be
parasitic
A
True
6
Q
True or false
Virus can’t pass through bacterial
filters
A
False; can
7
Q
STRUCTURE OF VIRUS
Nucleic acid core:
A
DNA & RNA
8
Q
STRUCTURE OF VIRUS
Surrounded by protein: _____and sometimes an outer lipid _____
A
Capsid & Lipid
9
Q
STRUCTURE OF VIRUS
Complete viral particle:
A
Virion
10
Q
an
infection that results in the
production of more viruses than
initiated the infection
A
Productive infection
11
Q
the actual number of
infectious viruses produced in an
infected cell
A
Burst size
12
Q
basic unit of capsid?
A
Capsomeres
13
Q
Capsid contains?
A
DNA & RNA
14
Q
Types of DNA Viruses
A
★ HERpesvirus
★ PAPOVAvirus
★ ADenovirus
★ HEPADnavirus
★ POXvirus
★ PARvovirus
15
Q
DNA VIRUS
_____oral herpes (cold sores, mouth)
○ it will affect your mouth
A
HSV-1
16
Q
DNA VIRUS
_____ genital herpes (genital sores
○ from sexual intercourse
A
HSV-2
17
Q
DNA virus that usually go to the weakest
part of your body
A
HERPES
18
Q
Causative virus of chickenpox
A
Varicella Zoster Virus
19
Q
What type of DNA virus is Varicella Zoster Virus/Chickenpox?
A
Herpesviridae
20
Q
A condition of reactivation of the Varicella Zoster Virus?
A
Shingles
21
Q
Type of DNA virus responsible for Denguevirus
A
Flaviviridae
22
Q
Filoviridae a DNA virus can cause what type of virus?
A
Ebola & Marburg Virus
23
Q
Paramyxoviridae a DNA Virus can cause what virus?
A
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
24
Q
Retroviridae a DNA Virus can cause what virus?
A
★ Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV)
★ Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
25
Influenza Virus Type A can be caused by what type of DNA virus?
Orthomyxoviridae
26
Human Papillomavirus (Type 1) is caused by what type of DNA virus?
Papovaviridae
27
Picornaviridae can cause what type of virus?
Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
○ CA: Coxsackie virus
28
The Infectious Process For A Virus
For DNA viruses:
1. Adsorption
2. Entry
3. Uncoating
4. Transcription
5. Translation
6. Assembly
7. Release
29
Infectious process where the virus will adhere to the
surface of cell membrane (target cell).
Adsorption
30
The virus
must bind to the cell surface
marker which are found in the
cell membrane to ____ the cell.
Recognize
31
Infectious process where capsid
will be removed where DNA or RNA will
be exposed
Uncoating
32
Infectious process where conversion of DNA to
mRna
Transcription
33
Infectious process where conversion of mRna to
Proteins
Translation
34
Infectious process where magsasama na yung DNA
together with the capsid then will
undergo the process of maturation
Assembly
35
Infectious process of release is called?
Budding
36
An activity of the
ability of a virus to infect a specific
type of cell.
Viral cell tropism
37
Receptor para
makilala nung virus yung cell mo.
Cell surface receptor
38
Enzyme for converting RNA to DNA
Reverse transcriptase
39
Enzyme that will tell what
nucleotide will be bind during DNA replication
Nucleic acid polymerase
40
DNA VIRUS enzyme
DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
41
RNA virus enzyme
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
42
Retrovirus enzyme
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
Protease
Integrase
43
orthomyxovirus enzyme
Neuraminidase
44
Enzyme Responsible for virus maturation
Protease
45
Enzyme responsible for adding DNA
of virus sa DNA ng tao
Integrase
46
During the DNA replication _____
enzyme that will break the hydrogen
bond between the based pair
Helicase
47
When undergoing replication, _____ enzyme will tell DNA polymerase kung
saan siya mag s-start ng adding of free
nucleotides
Primase
48
Usually Antiviral will inhibit the ___ and ____ polymerase para sila yung didikit
sa pair
RNA; DNA
49
enzyme that
inhibits virus maturation
Protease inhibitors
50
Most antivirals are ____ analogues
nucleoSIDES
51
combination of sugar +
base
Nucleoside
52
Purine and Pyrimidine Bases:
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
53
NUCLEOSIDES ANTIMETABOLITES ARE CONSIDERED?
Prodrug
54
is the process of
adding phosphate group and catalyze
by the enzyme thymidine kinase
Phosphorylation
55
goal is to transfer phosphate
group to nucleoside
Kinase
56
To become active nucleosides it requires
3 Phosphorylation
57
Entry Inhibitors:
Fusion inhibitors; CCR5 receptor
antagonists
58
Inhibition of uncoating
Rimantadine, amantadin
59
Inhibition of RNA Synthesis
Interferon, ribavirin
60
Inhibition of genome replication
○ Inhibition of DNA polymerase or
RT of virus
○ Nucleoside/nucleotide analogs
(acyclovir, AZT, lamivudin)
○ Non-nucleoside RTI
61
Inhibition of assembly of viruses
Protease inhibitors
62
Inhibition of viral release
Neuraminidase inhibitors
63
Amantadine and Rimantadine are derivates of?
a-methyl derivates
64
★ Effective only for influenza A virus
★ indicated for prophylactics
Amantadine and Rimantadine
65
________ virus is resistant to amantadine and rimantadine
H5NI influenza
66
Rimantadine and Amantadine
By blocking ____ channel formed by viral M2 protein they inhibit
uncoating process
H+;
67
Medication taken when you are not
yet exposed.
Prophylaxis
68
This will stimulate formation of H+
channel
M2 Protein
69
So Amantadine/Rimantadine will inhibit _____ to prevent uncoating
process.
M2 protein
70
Neuraminidase inhibitors
ZANAMIVIR/OSELTAMIVIR
71
★ Effective before and after influenza
exposure
★ Effective for both influenza type A and B
★ Effective for H5NI (______)
ZANAMIVIR/OSELTAMIVIR
72
Drug that has ethyl ester making the
drug orally efficacious
Oseltamivir
73
given as a powder for inhalation. It can’t be given orally because it has no ethyl ester
Zanamivir
74
Proteins produced naturally by cells
in immune system after exposure to
viruses
Interferon
75
May be a "natural anti-viral factor"
Interferon
76
★ Interferon has broad spectrum anti-viral
activity
★ (DNA viruses):
○ herpes simplex I and 2; herpes
zoster
○ human papillomavirus (genital
warts)
77
★ Interferon has broad spectrum anti-viral
activity
★ (RNA viruses):
○ influenza; chronic hepatitis;
common cold
○ breast cancer; lung cancer;
○ Karposi's sarcoma (cancer
associated with AIDS)
78
Interferon's typical route
intramuscular,
subcutaneous, topical (nasal spray)
79
Inhibitors of DNA polymerase
Also used to treat herpes infections
(HSV-I, HSV-2,VZV)
Idoxuridine
80
This is a pyrimidine nucleoside mimic!
Idoxuridine
81
IDOXURIDINE
• Note similarity to _________: with
interesting iodouridine base
2-deoxythymidine
82
A DNA polymerase inhibitor that's still a nucleoside and
inactive and will be catalyzed by the
enzyme thymidine kinase that will add
three phosphate group to become
active
Idoxuridine
83
84
Process called when there is an addition of nucleoside analog
Incorporation
85
A nucleoside antimetabolite
Trifluridine
86
Fluorinated pyrimidine
nucleoside
Trifluorothymidine
87
Incorporation of _________ into both viral and cellular DNA prevents
Trifluridine's systemic use.
Trifluridine triphosphate
88
TRIFLURIDINE: Nucleoside Antimetabolite
★ Therapy for _______ and for
_________ due to
HSV-I and HSV-2.
keratoconjunctivitis; recurrent epithelial keratitis
89
Topical application, alone or in
combination with interfon alfa, has been
used successfully in treatment of
acyclovir-resistant HSV infections
Trifluridine
90
Vidarabine is a ____ analog
Adenosine
91
DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR
_____
A Chain terminator
★ Against HSV,VZV, CMV, HBV and some
RNA viruses.
★ Inhibits the ______ of uridine to
thymidine
Vidarabine; methylation
92
Vidarabine
Phosphorylated intracellular by host
enzymes to form _______, incorporated
into both viral and cellular DNA. -›
excessive toxicity
ara-ATP
93
Topical application for acute
keratoconjunctivitis, superficial keratitis,
and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to
HSV-I and HSV-2.
Vidarabine
94
Intravenous for treatment of HSV
encephalitis, neonatal herpes, and VZV
infection in immunocompromised
patients.
Vidarabine
95
Acyclovir is ______derivative
Acyclic guanosine
96
Pharmacological effects of Acyclovir:
HSV-I and
HSV-2 and against
varicella-zoster virus,
Epstein-Barr virus and
cytomegalovirus.
97
ACYCLOVIR: Nucleoside Antimetabolite
★ Mechanism:
○ Three phosphorylation steps for
activation.
First converted to the
monophosphate derivative
by the virus-specified
thymidine kinase;
(selective activation)
■ Then to the di- and
triphosphate compounds
by host's cellular
enzymes.
98
ACYCLOVIR: Nucleoside Antimetabolite
★ Cross-resistance to:
Valacyclovir and Ganciclovir
99
Agents such as ______,_____,&____ do not require
activation by viral thymidine kinase and
thus have preserved activity against the
most prevalent acyclovir-resistant
strains.
foscarnet, cidofovir,
and trifluridine
100
ACYCLOVIR: Nucleoside Antimetabolite
★ Pharmacokinetics
○ Available in oral, intravenous, and
topical formulations.
○ Oral bioavailability is _____%.
○ Plasma protein binding is low,
diffuses into most tissues and
body fluids.
○ Cleared primarily by ____ and _____.
15-20
glomerular
filtration; tubular secretion
101
Treatment of HSV infection - first
selection
Acyclovir
102
Intravenous infusion of Acyclovir ->
renal
insufficiency or neurologic toxicity
103
Valacyclovir is the ________ of Acyclovir
L-valyl ester
104
It is rapidly converted to acyclovir after
oral administration, achieving serum
levels three to five times greater than
those achieved with oral acyclovir.
Valacyclovir
105
Ganciclovir is a _____ analog
Acyclic guanosine
106
ADR of Ganciclovir
Myelosuppression, particularly
neutropenia
107
diacetyl prodrug of
Penciclovir
Famciclovir
108
Both are guanine nucleoside analog
Famciclovir and Penciclovir
109
100-fold less potent in inhibiting viral
DNA polymerase than acyclovir
triphosphate, it is present in the tissues
for longer periods and in much higher
concentrations than acyclovir
FAMCICLOVIR AND PENCICLOVIR
110
for herpes labialis (cold
sores)
Penciclovir
111
Brand name of Penciclovir
Famvir
112
★ A phosphonic acid derivative
Cidofovir
113
main dose-limiting
toxicity of cidofovir
Renal Impairment
114
Cidofovir
______&_______ to reduce
nephrotoxicity
Probenecid and Prehydration
115
An inorganic pyrophosphate compound.
Foscarnet
116
Inhibit viral DNA polymerase, RNA
polymerase, and HIV reverse
transcriptase directly, without
activation by phosphorylation.
Foscarnet
117
★ Against HSV,VZV, CMV, EBV, HHV-6,
HHV-8, and HIV.
★ Poor oral bioavailability. Only
intravenous administration.
★ CMV retinitis and acyclovir-resistant HSV
infection.
★ An excellent ligand for metal ion binding
★ Nephrotoxic
Foscarnet
118
★ Adenosine nucleoside analogue
★drug For Ebola and Marburg virus
Remdesivir
119
★ Coronavirus (MERS, SARS)
★ 1st approved drug by FDA for Covid
Remdesivir
120
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitor (NRTI) analog is?
Allare 2'3'-Dideoxynucleoside analog
121
★ -FOR ACUTE INFECTION OF CELLS BUT
WEAKLY
★ ACTIVE FOR CHRONICALLY INFECTED
CELLS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor
122
________
★ Azidothymidine ,AZT
★ _________ analog
★ anti-HIV-I and HIV-2
★ Chain terminator
Zidovudine
Deoxythymidine
123
★ Decrease the rate of clinical disease
progression and prolong survival.
★ Reduce the rate of vertical
(mother-to-newborn) transmission of
HIV
Zidovudine
124
Synthetic analog of
deoxyadenosine (PURINE
NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG)
Didanosine
125
Acts synergistically with AZT/Zidovudine
Didanosine
126
★ Chain terminator
★ Should be taken on an empty stomach
★ GIVEN AS BUFFERED DRUGS
Didanosine
127
__________
★ Cytosine analog
★ ddCTP (_______)
Zalcitabine
(dideoxycytidine-5'-triphosphate)
128
★ Chain termination
★ Anti-HIV-| and 2 including strains
resistant to AZT
Zalcitabine
129
Long intracellular half-life of 10hrs.
Zalcitabine
130
Dose-dependent peripheral neuropathy.
Contraindication to use with other drugs
that may cause neuropathy.
Zalcitabine
131
★ Thymidine analog (d4T),
★ not used with AZT because AZT may
reduce the phosphorylation of d4T.
★ Anti-HIV-I and HIV-2
★ High oral bioavailability (____%) that is
not food-dependent.
Stavudine
86%
133
Dose-limiting toxicity is a
dose-related peripheral sensory
neuropathy.
Stavudine
134
Reverse Transcriptase Analog
★ Cytosine analog
★ (-)ddC 2'3'-dideoxycytidine (3' SULFUR)
★ Against HIV-I, synergistic with a variety
of antiretroviral nucleoside analogs,
including zidovudine and stavudine.
Lamivudine
135
136
Miscellaneous Nucleoside
Antimetabolite
Ribavirin
137
★ Guanosine analog.
★ Phosphorylated intracellularly by host
cell enzymes.
★ Mechanism: to interfere with the
synthesis of RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase of certain viruses.
Ribavirin
138
______inhibits the
replication of a wide range of DNA and
RNA viruses, including influenza A
and B, parainfluenza, respiratory
syncytial virus, paramyxoviruses,
HCV, and HIV-I.
Ribavirin
139
Supplied as a powder to be reconstituted
in an aqueous aerosol containing 20
mg/mL of sterile water. The aerosol is
administered with a small-particle
aerosol generator (SPAG)
Ribavirin
141
★ Treatment of chronic hepatitis B
infection.
★ Oral bioavailability exceeds 80% and is
not food-dependent.
Lamivudine
