ANTI INFECTIVES Flashcards
1
Q
He discovered compound 606
A
Paul Ehrlich
2
Q
Compound 606 aka
A
Salvarsan
3
Q
1st antisyphilitic drug
A
Salvarsan
4
Q
Microorganism responsible for syphilis
A
Treponema pallidum
5
Q
the drug will not kill
the human cell, only the bacterial
cell
A
Selective toxicity
6
Q
was used for sleeping
sickness
A
Arsphenamine/Atoxyl/Sodium Arsanilate
7
Q
Another name of drug for the treatment of sleeping sickness
A
Atoxyl/Sodium arsanilate
8
Q
Anti-infective agents that are used
locally
A
Germicides
9
Q
Definitions and Standards for Removing
Microorganism
A
Antisepsis
Decontamination
Disinfection
Sanitation
Sterilization
Pasteurization
10
Q
Application of an agent to living tissue
for the purpose of preventing infection
A
Antisepsis
11
Q
Destruction or marked reduction in the
number of activity of microorganisms
A
Decontamination
12
Q
Chemical or physical treatment that
destroys most vegetative microbes or
viruses, but nut spores, in or on
inanimate surfaces
A
Disinfection
13
Q
Reduction of microbial load on an
inanimate surface to a level considered
acceptable for public health purposes
A
Sanitation
14
Q
A process intended to kill or remove all
types of microorganisms, including
spores, and usually including viruses
with an acceptably low probability of
survival
A
Sterilization
15
Q
A process that kills non sporulating
microorganisms by hot water or steam
at 65-100°C
A
Pasteurization
16
Q
Pasteurization
A process that kills non sporulating
microorganisms by ____ or _____
at _____&
A
hot water; steam
65-100°C
17
Q
not administered in systemic
circulation/wala sa blood
A
Locally
18
Q
What is the agent for application to the living tissue for prevention of infection
A
Antiseptic agent
19
Q
important
as
part
in
producing/manufacturing a drug
A
Sterilization
20
Q
In sterilization, we ought to ensure that there will be no presence of?
A
Pyrogens/Microorganisms
21
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-INFECTIVES
A
★ Chemical type of the compound
★ Biological property
★ Therapeutic indication
22
Q
Antiseptics are applied to the living tissue which are either?
A
Bactericidal/Bacteriostatic
23
Q
Mechanism of actions of local anti infectives
A
1.Coagulation and Denaturation of cell proteins
2. Injury to the cell wall
3. Inhibition of enzymes
4. Chemical antagonism
24
Q
Strong coagulators:
A
Formalin
Phenol
Alcohol
25
Denaturators:
Iodine
Cresol
Phenol
Strong acid
Strong alkali
26
Injury to the cell anti infectives
Cationic surfactant
27
Inhibition of enzymes of anti infectives
Oxidizing agents and salts of heavy metals
28
1. Coagulation and Denaturation- mostly
have an?
Alcohol/OH compound
29
2. Usually compounds that causes injury to
the cell wall causes?
Lysis
30
Process of lysis under cell injury
Lysis -> Leakage -> cell organelles
will go out of the cell→ therefore,
the bacteria may die
31
32
Usually those compounds that
causes injury to the cell wall are?
Like?
Cidal
Cationic surfactants
"-onium's" and quaternary ammonium compound
33
Inhibition of enzymes- compounds that
causes inhibition of metals specifically bind
to or act on the?
Sulhydryl group/SH
34
SPECIFIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF LOCAL ANTIINFECTIVES
★ Alcohol and related compounds
★ Phenol and derivatives
★ Oxidizing agents
★ Halogen containing compounds
★ Cationic surfactant
35
As the primary chain length increases
= inc Van der Waal's forces
= inc Penetration to membrane
36
ALCOHOL AND RELATED
COMPOUNDS
★ MOA:
Protein precipitation
37
ALCOHOL AND RELATED
COMPOUNDS
★ SAR:
- potency increases with Molecular weight up to carbon 8
- Branching of the alcohol chain
-decreases antibacterial potency
38
_______has a better
antibacterial potency.
Primary alcohol
39
as the number of carbon
increases, _____& will also increase
lipophilicity
40
____is an exception to better bacterial potency
○ a
secondary alcohol but much better
than ethanol (primary alcohol) or it
is better than primary alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
41
Methyl alcohol
Other names:
methanol, carbinol,
wood alcohol
42
(converts methanol to
methanal)
Alcohol dehydrogenase
43
(converts methanal to
methanoic acid/formic acid)
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
44
Other name of methanoic acid?
Formic acid
45
Methyl alcohol dehydrogenation process:
Methanol -> Methanal -> Methanoic acid/ formic acid
46
Methanol can cause _____
because
of
the
formation of ____.
irreversible
blindness; formic acid
47
Ethyl Alcohol
Other names:
★ Ethanol
★ Rectified Spirit
★ wine spirit
★ Grain alcohol
★ Spiritus vini rectificatus
48
Commercial ethanol =
95%
49
This concentration with ethyl alcohol forms an ____ with water that distills at ____
95%, azeotrope; 78.2 °C
50
Method of Preparation of ethyl alcohol:
Fermentation product from grain
51
Ethyl alcohol is synthetically produced by?
sulfuric
acid-catalyzed hydration of ethylene
52
53
is a method of
combining 2 liquids so me can make
better alcohol
Azeotropic distillation
54
Azeotropic compound that is usually
mix with ethanol is?
Benzene
55
Ethyl alcohol
_____ + Water with the presence of _______/ strong acid= Alcohol
Ethylene; H2SO4/H3PO4
56
(converts Ethanol to
Ethanal/Acetaldehyde)
Alcohol dehydrogenase
57
Alcohol dehydrogenase can be inhibited by what drug is under ethyl alcohol synthesis?
Fomepizole
58
Enzyme that converts
Ethanal/Acetaldehyde to
Acetic acid/Ethanoic Acid
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
59
Ethanal is also called?
Acetaldehyde
60
Acetic acid is also known as
Ethanoic acid
61
Aldehyde dehydrogenase can be inhibited by what drug during ethyl alcohol synthesis?
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
62
Step by step process involved in ethyl alcohol synthesis
Ethanol -> Ethanal/Acetaldehyde -> Acetic acid/ Ethanoic acid
63
ineffective against spores
Ethyl alcohol
64
COMMON USES of ethyl alcohol
★ Solventpharmaceutical
compounds
such as tincture and elixir
★ Fuel- Gasoline
★ CNS depressant
★ Antipyretic (25%)
★ Germicidal (60-90%)
★ Disinfectant (70%)
65
Ethanol as antipyretic?
25%
66
Ethanol as Germicide
60-90%
67
Ethanol as disinfectant
70%
68
Ethanol is injected near ____ and ____ to
alleviate pain.
ganglia; nerve
69
Internal use of ethanol
Mild sedative
Weak vasodilator
Carminative
70
Internal use of ethanol
_____because it can be
converted into acetaldehyde
Weak vasodilator
71
prevents air sa tiyan/
kabag ata
Carminative
72
Use of ethanol in pharmacy
Preparation of spirits, tinctures, and
fluidextracts.
73
Spirit is composed of?
aromatic oil + volatile oil +
alcohol
74
-intoxicating beverages
- unfit for human use
Denaturated alcohol
75
-with wood alcohol and benzene
Completely denatured alcohol
76
Rubbing alcohol structure
CH3CHOHCH3 / 2 propanol
77
Uses of rubbing alcohol:
Astringent
Rubefacient
Mild local anesthetic
78
causes redness
due to dilation/vasodilation
Rubefacient
79
Mild local anesthetic
★ isopropyl rubbing alcohol contains
68-72*
80
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
● prepared commercially by the
sulfuric acid-catalyzed hydration of
propylene:
81
USES OF isopropyl alcohol:
USES:
★ disinfectant for the skin and for surgical instruments.
★ Bactericidal (50 to 95%)
★ 40% conc. is considered equal in antiseptic efficacy to a 60% ethanol in water
82
Isopropyl alcohol as bactericidal?
50-95%
83
Isopropyl alcohol
is considered equal in
antiseptic efficacy to a 60% ethanol in
water
40% conc
84
Ethanol can still be used by humans but
should have a ______ on
skin in order to produced an effect
longer contact time
85
used on gauze pads for sterilization of
the skin prior to hypodermic injections.
AZEOTROPIC ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
86
are
subcutaneous injections
Hypodermic injections
87
Dehydrated alcohol aka
Absolute alcohol
88
contains not less than 99% w/w of ethyl
alcohol.
Dehydrated/Absolute alcohol
89
Dehydrated/Absolute alcohol is prepared via
azeotropic distillation of an
ethanol and benzene.
90
Percent limit of ethanol to volatilize
99%
91
Is a mixture of alcohol and water
containing 41-42% by weight
Diluted alcohol
92
DILUTED ALCOHOL
★ Is a mixture of alcohol and water
containing ____ by weight
41-42%
93
Diluted because it is added with H2O
Diluted alcohol
94
GLYCERIN (GLYCEROL)
Chemical formula:
1,2,3-propanetriol/
propane-1,2,3-triol
95
The first polyhydric
alcohol which can
yield both an
aldose and a ketose,
Glycerin
96
Glycerin uses:
Solvent/Himectant
97
Ethylene oxide chemical formula
C2H4O
98
Gas sterilant
Ethylene oxide
99
Used for temperature-sensitive
equipment
Ethylene oxide
100
○ can be used for 4-6hrs
○ used for the compounds that is
non autoclavable/ high
temperature
○ Ex of temperature sensitive
includes plastic
Ethylene oxide
101
Used before as part of sterilization of
pharmaceutical compound but due to its
cancerous and explosive effect
it is no longer used
Ethylene oxide
102
What product is produced from ethylene oxide that is toxic
Epoxide
103
Ethylene oxide forms explosive mixtures in air in
concentrations ranging from??
3-80%
104
CARBOXIDE
★ _____________________, by volume that can be released
in air without danger of EXPLOSION
10% ethylene oxide + 90% carbon
dioxide
105
MOA of the germicidal action:
★ _____ of functional groups in nucleic
acids and proteins by nucleophilic
opening of the ____ ring
alkylation; oxide
106
are electrophilic thats why they
target nucleophilic
Epoxide
107
Formaldehyde solution
SYNONYMS:
Aldehyde
★ Formol
★ Formalin
★ Methanal
108
109
irritating to mucous membrane an
causes hardening of skin, used to
disinfect rooms, clothing and surgical
instruments
Formaldehyde
110
Formaldehyde
Contains not less than ___ of
formaldehyde with ____ to
prevent polymerization
37%; methanol
111
if Formaldehyde undergoes oxidation, it forms _______
if Formaldehyde undergoes polymerization, it
forms
Formic Acid; Paraformaldehyde
112
from small compounds when
combined will form a bigger compound
Polymerization
113
Retards/prevent polymerization
Methanol
114
MOA:
★ Direct nonspecific alkylation of
nucleophilic functional group (amino.
hydroxyl, acid sulfhydryl) in proteins and
acids to form carbinol derivatives.
Formaldehyde
115
A sterilant:
SYNONYMS:
Glutaraldehyde
★ Glutarol (Cidex®)
★ Pentanedial
116
-Is a disinfectant superior to formaldehyde,
microbicidal activity against all microorganisms
include spores and virus.
Glutaraldehyde
117
solution for sterilization of equipment
and instruments that cannot be
autoclaved
Glutaraldehyde
118
COMMERCIAL GLUTARALDEHYDE
★ stabilized in ______ solution
★ The preparation actually consists of two
components:
alkaline
glutaraldehyde and buffer
119
Commercial glutaraldehyde
The activated solution contains ____
glutaraldehyde buffered at pH ___________________
2%
120
Protein precipitant
Phenol and its derivatives
121
it is defined as the ratio of a disinfectant
to the dilution of phenol required to kill a given strain of the bacterium Salmonella
typhi
Phenol coefficient
122
Phenol synonym
Carbolic acid
123
protoplasmic poison)
Germicide
124
local anesthetic action but caustic.
Phenol
125
Phenol
Mixed with _____ is used to
cauterize small wounds.
4% glycerin
126
127
