Antiseptics and Disinfectants Flashcards
Sterilization
The actor process that destroys or eliminated all forms of life, especially microorgs including spores
Disinfection
Killing of pathogenic organisms by direct application of physical or chemical agents
Antiseptics
Destroy or inhibits the growth of microorgs in or on living tissue (handwashes, sx scrubs)
Disinfectants
Eliminate or reduce harmful/pathogenic microorgs (except spores) from inanimate object surfaces
Cleansers
Cleans or removes dirt or debris (surfactants and detergents)
Prior to dinfection or antisepsis tx (soap or germicide)
Soap
Emulsify and solubilize hydrophobic firt, fat and protoplasmic membrane
NOT a germicide
Germicide
Agent that destroys microorgs, especially pathogenic organisms
Resistant levels
Low-level: bacteria
Intermediate level: Fungi
High-level: bacterial spores
Critical items
Enter or penetrate the skin or mm- must be sterilized
Scalpel, sx instruments, needles
Semi-critical tems
Touch intact mm
Catheters, endoscopes (high level)
Non-critical items
Don’t touch mm but may contact the skin
Cages, tables, food bowels (low to intermediate level)
Chlorine Compounds
Low to intermediate level disinfectants
Sodium hypochlorite (Dakin’s Solution) and Organic chlorides (chloramine-T)
Chlorine compounds MOA
Release of free chlorine and formation of HOCl from water
Acidic pH will enhance activity
Chlorine compound uses
Sanitation: dairy equipment, animal housing, hospital floor, non-critical items
Chlorine compounds limitations
Corrosive to metals, destroys fabrics
Unstable to light
Inactivated by the presence of blood
Irritates mm
Strong irritating odor
Hypochlorite containing disinfectants
Effective in killing dermatophyte Microsporum canis
Water soluble chlorine compounds
Used in water disinfection and poultry processing to control Salmonella
Iodine compounds
Low to intermediate-level biocidal activity
Free iodine (germicidal) insoluble in water
Tincture of iodine
Kills 90% bacteria in 3 min
Irritating, corrodes metals, stains skin and clothing, painful to open wounds and delays healing
Tamed iodines (iodophors)
Common solubilizing carrier: PVP or povidone
Srub, spray, swabs, pads
Strong antiseptic, prevents bacterial growth
Alcohol
Intermediate-level biocidal activity
Antiseptics > disinfectants
Most rapid and greatest reduction of microbes
Alchol uses
Alchol based sanitary hand gels in hopsitals
Kills bacteria, fungi and some viruses at high conc.
Alcohol PK
Ethyl (70%) and Isopropyl (50%)
Evaporates easy and lacks residual action
Can’t be used to sterilize
Biguanides (Chlorhexidine)
Antiseptic
Non-irritating and acts within 30 sec
Some residual activity (5-6hr)
Chlorhexidine uses
Presx antiseptic, wound flush, teat dip
Combines with alcohol to ↑ efficacy
Used as C. digluconate or C. diacetate
Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)
Used for infections in the eye, mouth and vagina
Contact lens disinfectants
Against G+ and G- bacteria: MRSA, pseudomonas and strept
Detergents
Surface activate agents: cleansing
Emulsifying agents with antibacterial property
Ionic (cationic and anionic), nonionic (not antibacterial)
Anionic detergents
Active in mild acid solution
Soaps and sodium lauryl sulphate
Soap emulsifies grease and loosens keratin, dirt and debris
T/F: Anionic Detergents are active against G+ organisms only
TRUE
What is combined with anionic detergents
Phenol, chlorhexidine, potassium iodide to ↑ antibacterial activity
Cationic detergents
Quaternary ammonium compounds
G+ and G- bacteria
Disinfect floor, wall and equipment
Cetrimide (cationic detergent)
Skin cleaning and wound dressing
Dairy equipment, utensils and clothes and hands
Prophylactic agents against mastitis
Anti-rust agents
Benzalkonium chlorides (cationic detergent)
Skin sterilization
MM and clean deepp wounds
Glutaraldehyde- 2% Cidex
Chemo sterilizing agent, active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, spores and biofilms
High level disinfection: 10-30m, sterilization 6-10hr of contact time
Glutaraldehyde- 2% Cidex MOA
Denaturation of protein and alkylating agent
Glutaraldehyde- 2% Cidex use
Disinfection for lensed clinical equipment (endoscope or cryoscope) and tx of blood products
Hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing compounds)
Antiseptic: initial tx of recently contaminated wounds
Disinfection of soft contact lenses
Combined with surfactant and stabilizer to improve antimicrobial activity
Potassium peroxy monosulfate (PPMS)- oxidizing compound
Oxidizing agent for pools and hot tubs
High-level disinfectant in cirital areas
Peracetic Acid (PAA)
Highly biocidal oxidizer
PAA and peroxide combination
Sterilant/ antiseptic/disinfectant
Peracetic Acid uses
Removes surface contaminants (protein)
Automated systems: medical, sx and dental instruments
US meat and poultry plants
Phenols
Carbolic acid
Oldest antiseptic, not used due to toxicity
Triclosan
Phenol uses
M. tuberculosis
Bacteria, fungi and yeasts
In soaps, deodorants, shampoos, toothpastes, medical supplies
Ethylene oxide (C2H4O4)
Water soluble flammable gas used to temperature-sensitive medical devices or equipment
Kills bacteria, fungi, yeasts, viruses and spores
Formaldehyde gas
Viruses, fungi, bacteria, and bacterial spores
Disinfection of hopsital linen and food-producing industries
gases affected by humidity
Sx antiseptic uses
Skin, mm and wounds
Specific antisepsis
Chlorhexidine
Iodophor
Alcohol-containing products
Iodine
Hexachlorophene
Soap
Scrub/solution preps
Chlorhexidine: gluconate scrub- antiseptic for intact skin
Chlorhexidine acetate: solution- antiseptic for wounds
Povidine iodine scrub- antiseptic for intact skin
Povidone iondine solution- antiseptic for mm
