Antiparasitics

Question 1

What are the characteristics of ideal ectoparasiticide?

Answer 1

1. destroy all parasites at all stages of their lifecycle
2. be rapid in action
3. non-toxic to the host
4. provide a minimum residue in the host and be rapidly detoxified in the environment
5. resistance in parasites should be slow to develop

Question 2

4 stages of fleas and survivals?

Answer 2

1. Adult ( survival up to 3 months)
2. eggs (several weeks)
3. larvae (several weeks)
4. Pupa (survival up to 6 months)
5. Immature adult

Question 3

How can we divide the ectoparasiticides in 2 groups?

Answer 3

1. Drugs that act upon the insect nervous system
   a. drugs affecting Acetylcholine Ach neurotransmission
   b. affecting axonal Na channels
   c. affeting octopamine system
   d. drugs affecting Cl chanells
2. drugs that act as insect growth regulators
   a. juvenile hormone analogues
   b. chitin synthesis inhibitors

Question 4

Name drugs that act on Ach neurotransmission (cholinesetrase inhibitors)?

Answer 4

1. Organophosphates
2. Carbamates
3. Imidacloprid

Question 5

Drugs that affect Na channels ?

Answer 5

Pyrethroids

Question 6

Which drugs affect octopamine system?

Answer 6

Amidines (amitraz)

Question 7

Drugs affecting Cl channels?

Answer 7

1. Avermectins
2. Fipronil
3. Isoxazolines

Question 8

Name juvenile hormone analogues (NEOTENIN) ?

Answer 8

1. s-Methoprene
2. Pyriproxyfen
3. fenoxycarb
4. cromazine

Question 9

What are the chitin syntheisis inhibitors?

Answer 9

1. benzoyl urea derivates or lufenuron (flea chitin)
2. flufenoxuron (environment)

Question 10

What are modes of aplications of ectoparasiticides?

Answer 10

1. Systemic treatment of the host
2. Topical aplication
3. dips
4. bands, collars and tags

Question 11

Name volatile oil extracts?

Answer 11

1. D-limonene
2. linalool

Question 12

Name isoxazolines?

Answer 12

1. Fluralaner (Bravecto)
2. Lotilaner (Credelio)
3. Afoxolaner (Nexgard)
4. Sarolaner (Simparica)

Question 13

Macrocyclic lactones are product by ?

Answer 13

Streptomyces avermitilis

Question 14

Name macrocyclic lactones?

Answer 14

1. Avermectins
   a. ivermectin
   b. eprinomectin
   c. doramectin
   d.selamectin
2. Milbemycins
   a. moxidectin
   b. milbemycin oxime

Question 15

Spinosad belongs to which family and from where is it produced?

Answer 15

• belongs to spinosyns
• from bacterial culture of actinomycete species Saccharopolyspora spinosa

Question 16

Which compounds belong to Neonicotinoids ?

Answer 16

1. Imidacloprid
2. Nitenpyram
3. Dinotefuran

Question 17

Indoxacarb (spot on Activyl) belongs to which familiy ?

Answer 17

Oxadiazine

Question 18

Pyrethrins have active which ingredients ?

Answer 18

Chrysanthemic acid
Pyrethric acid

Question 19

Fipronil and pyriprole belongs to which family?

Answer 19

Phenylpirazole

Question 20

Amitraz belongs to which family ?

Answer 20

Formamidine

Question 21

Metaflumizone (proMeris) belongs to which family?

Answer 21

Semicarbazone

Question 22

Carbamate family is composed of which compounds ?

Answer 22

1. Carbaryl
2. Propoxur

Question 23

How you can rule out the toxicity of cholinesterase inhibitors carbamates and organophosphates

Answer 23

atropine → if heart rate increase and pupils dilate toxicity ruled-out (for such an effect dose of atropine should be 10x higher in toxicity)

Question 24

We know that pyrethroids have a high risk for adverse reactions in cats. Why?

Answer 24

Increased toxicity in C: deficiency of liver glucuronide transferase

Question 24

Why flumethrin is safe in cats?

Answer 24

Differences in toxicity of flumethrin for C: does not need glucoronidation to be excreted in feces and its major metabolite pharmacologically inactive