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Cology 2 Exam 4 > Antineoplastics - concepts > Flashcards

Antineoplastics - concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

A disease of altered cell growth, cell division, and cell differentiation.

A mass of tissue, the proliferation of which is not controlled by normal physiological processes

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2
Q

What happens to growth factors in cancer cells?

A

Increased - there is increased intracellular signals to cells to divide

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3
Q

What happens to cyclin-dependent kinases in cancer cells?

A

Increased - they also tell cells to divide

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4
Q

What happens to gene expression in cancer cells?

A

It’s altered in some way

p53 gene is DECREASED - this allows mistakes in DNA replication to not be caught (normally this would cause apoptosis) and the cell continues to divide even with the mistakes in DNA

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5
Q

What happens to contact inhibition in cancer cells?

A

Decreased

Cells normally stop dividing once they come in contact with other cells, but not in cancer - they keep dividing

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6
Q

What’s the most common type of cancer in men?

A

Prostate

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7
Q

What’s the most common type of cancer in women?

A

Breast

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8
Q

What’s the most common type of cancer in children ages 0-14?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia then brain/CNS

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9
Q

What’s the most common type of cancer in adolescents ages 15-19?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma then thyroid carcinoma, then brain/CNS

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10
Q

What is the deadliest cancer in men?

A

Lung, then prostate

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11
Q

What’s the deadliest cancer in women?

A

Lung, then breast

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12
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in size or number of cells
Function is unchanged
It is reversible

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13
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Adaptive substitution of one differentiated cell type for another differentiated cell type (ie callouses with chronic irritation)

Protective response

Some loss of function

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14
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Loss of uniformity
Loss of architectural orientation
Still reersible

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15
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Uncoordinated growth
Decreased response to suppressor genes (p53, cyclin-dependent kinases)
Immortalization
Irreversible

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16
Q

Describe benign tumor cells

A

Localized
Enclosed in a fibrous capsule
Surgically removable
Patient usually survives

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17
Q

Describe malignant tumor cells

A

Spreads to and destroys adjacent tissue
No capsule
Can metastasize
Can result in death of patient

18
Q

Describe grade 1 tumors

A

Closely resembles tissue of origin; retains specialized function

19
Q

Describe grade 2 tumors

A

Moderately differentiated, less like tissue of origin, increased mitotis

20
Q

Describe grade 3 tumors

A

Poorly differentiated, tumor doesn’t resemble tissue of origin, increased variation, increased mitosis

21
Q

Describe grade 4 tumors

A

Very poorly differentiated, no resemblance to tissue of origin, highly variable, enhanced mitosis, metastatic

22
Q

True or false: Single “clone-ogenic” tumor stem cell has potential for unlimited replication

A

TRUE

So you must kill EVERY tumor stem cell

23
Q

True or false: Different tumors have the same growth patterns, which are the same during the same stage of disease

A

False

Different tumors have different growth patterns which can change based on stage of disease

24
Q

Which type of cancer is well differentiated? Which is non-differentiated?

A

Early lung cancers

Lung cancers

25
Q

What type of cancer is slow? What type of cancer is fast?

A

Colon, prostate are slow

Leukemia is fast

26
Q

What is gompertzian growth?

A

99.9% of tumor cells are killed each round of chemo, you lose 3 log units every time

In between the rounds of chemo the tumor continues growing but you just kill it off again

27
Q

Treatment should involve what as the first step?

A

Removal of the tumor

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy

28
Q

When can tumors be surgically removed?

A

Well-localized and well-differentiated

29
Q

When can tumors be removed by radiation?

A

Localized tumors that aren’t easily removed

30
Q

When can tumors be removed by chemotherapy?

A

Targets all rapidly dividing cells

Systemic effects increases chances against metastatic cells

31
Q

At what amount of cells do you usually see diagnosis?

A

10^9

32
Q

At what amount of cells do you usually see symptoms?

A

10^10.5

33
Q

At what amount of cells do you usually see death?

A

Over 10^12

34
Q

What drug classes are cell cycle non-specific?

A

Alkylatic drugs

Intercalating drugs

35
Q

What drugs act in the S phase?

A

DNA synthesis inhibitors

36
Q

What drugs act in the transition from S to G2 phase?

A

Bleomycin

Etoposide

37
Q

What drugs act at the M phase?

A

Mitotic inhibitors

38
Q

What drugs act in the G1 phase?

A

None specifically act at the G1 phase

39
Q

Benefits of combination therapy?

A

Minimizes resistance

Minimizes toxic effects

40
Q

What types of adjuvant therapies are used?

A

Antiemetic drugs

Stimulate bone marrow growth

41
Q

Why do you see alopecia with cancer treatments?

A

BC drugs target rapidly growing cells and kill them, hair cells are constantly growing so to kill them means to lose hair

42
Q

What side effects are seen in all cancer treatments that target rapidly dividing cells?

A

Bone marrow suppression (myelo and immune suppression)
GI tract ulcers (mouth sores)
Alopecia (hair loss)
Decreased sperm count and menstrual irregularities

Cology 2 Exam 4 (16 decks)

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