Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > antimicrobials pt 1 > Flashcards

antimicrobials pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

viruses

A

nonliving particles that reproduce by taking over living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fungi

A

single organisms including mushrooms and yeast that grow as single cells or thread like filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

protozoa

A

single celled organism with nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

suppresses organisms growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bactericidal

A

directly destroys organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

post antibiotic effect

A

*organisms do not grow for several hours even after discontinuation of medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

selective toxicity

A

ability of medications to affect target organisms only without harming host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

narrow spectrum

A

active against only a few species of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

broad spectrum

A
  • active against a wide variety of microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Empiric therapy

A

therapy started in absence of laboratory data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration

A

lab measure of lowest drug concentration needed to prevent growth of certain bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

peak

A

measurement of highest drug concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

trough

A

measurement of lowest drug concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) MOA

A

weakens bacterial cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) indications

A

infections caused by gram positive bacteria (step, enterococcus, staph)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) adverse effects

A

allergic reactions but usually well tolerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) nursing considerations

A

asses for hx of allergic reactions; possibly also allgeric to cephalosporins

-monitor CBC, vitals and infection s/s

-C-diff infections in possible, co admin with lactobacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

immediate penicillin allergies

A

reaction in 2-30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

accelerated penicillin allergy

A

reaction in 1-72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

delayed penicillin allergy

A

reaction takes days or weeks to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment PCN Anaphylaxis

A

stop med, administer epi, and provide respiratory support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

piperacillin/tazobactam (zosyn) MOA

A

PCN action + inhibits bacterial beta-lactamase with tazobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

piperacillin/tazobactam (zosyn) indications

A

Extended spectrum (PCN susceptible organisms plus gram - and anaerobic coverage, including pseudomonas, enterobacter, Klebsiella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

piperacillin/tazobactam (zosyn) adverse effects

A

Low toxicity

Allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

piperacillin/tazobactam (zosyn) nursing considerations

A

same as pcn g

parenteral route only

monitor IV site and compatibility with other IV meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cephalosporins MOA

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cefazolin (ancef) indications

A

surgical prophylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Cefepime (Maxipime)

A

resistant organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Ceftaroline (Teflaro)

A

skin infections and HCAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Cephalosporins adverse effects

A

allergic reactions

bleeding due to interefence with vitamin K

disulfiram-like reactions with alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cephalosporins nursing considerations

A

monitor vitals, CBC, s/s of infection
c-diff possible
if allergic to PCN, prob allergic to cephalosporin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Imipenem/Cilastatin (Primaxin) MOA

A

weaken cell wall and can resist beta-lactamases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Imipenem/Cilastatin (Primaxin) indications

A

broad spectrum with activity against most pathogens

for bone, joint, SSTI, UTI, intraabdominal and pelvic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Imipenem/Cilastatin (Primaxin) adverse effects

A

GI effects most common (NVD)

seizures with renal impairement

superinfections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Imipenem/Cilastatin (Primaxin) nursing considerations

A

admin with cilastatin to prevent rapid imipenem breakdown in kidneys

seizure precaution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) MOA

A

weakens cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) indications

A

gram positive coverage for bone, joint, and bloodstream infections

MRSA and C diff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) adverse effects

A

○Nephrotoxicity leading to renal failure

○Ototoxicity

○Red man syndrome

○VRE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Vancomycin (Vancocin) nursing cosiderations

A

usually IV, PO for C-Diff

monitor trough levels and CMP for kidney function

avoid concurrent use with nephrotoxic meds

C-DIff percautions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Doxycycline MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Doxycycline indications

A

broad spectrum coverage against many gram postive and negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Doxycycline adverse effects

A

GI most common

Bone growth suppression and teeth discoloration in peds

fatty liver infiltration and worsens renal impairment

alterations in normal flora and superinfections

photosensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Doxycycline nursing considerations

A

decreased absorption when given with Ca, Fe, and Mg, admin on empty stomach

hepatic and renal monitoring

avoid prolonged sunlight exposure

interacts with oral contraceptives and anticoag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Erythromycin MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Erythromycin indications

A

most gram positive and some gram neg coverage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Erythromycin adverse effects

A

GI most common including epigastric pain

QT prolongation

hepatotoxicity and ototoxicity

numerous med interactions

48
Q

Erythromycin nursing considerations

A

1st alt to PCN sensitivity

admin PO on empty stomach to max absorption

avoid in pt with pre-exisiting QT prolongation

can increase half life of several meds

49
Q

Clindamycin (Cleocin) MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis

50
Q

Clindamycin (Cleocin) indications

A

gram positive and neg

anaerobes and most gram positive aerobes

51
Q

Clindamycin (Cleocin) adverse effect

A

sever- fatal C diff, ab pain, fever, leukocytosis

non Cdiff diarrhea

52
Q

Clindamycin (Cleocin) nursing considerations

A

monitor stool and fluid status

vigorous fluid and electrolyte replacement w/ vanc treatment

53
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox) MOA

A

inhibits protein synthesis

54
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox) indications

A

very broad spectrum

55
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox) adverse effects

A

headache NVD

myelosuppression (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia)

optic and peripheral neuropathy

56
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox) nursing considerations

A

-Monitor CBC and I/O
-Give with food to limit GI upset
-Monitor for drug interactions with MAO (hypertensive crisis) and SSRI (serotonin syndrome)

57
Q

Gentamicin MOA

A

Protein synthesis inhibitor

58
Q

Gentamicin indications

A

primarily used for serious infections

59
Q

Gentamicin adverse effetcs

A

nephrotoxicity due to proximal renal tube injury

ototoxicity impairing both hearing balance

60
Q

Gentamicin nursing considerations

A

assess serum peak and trough

neruo focused assessment

increase fluid intake unless contraindicated

dont mix with PCN

61
Q

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (Bactrim) MOA

A

bacteriostatic
inhibits synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein

62
Q

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (Bactrim) indications

A

broad spectrum against gram positive and gram neg

63
Q

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (Bactrim) adverse effects

A

○Sulfonamide AE

■Photo- & hypersensitivity reactions, including SJS/TENS

■Hemolytic anemia

■Kernicterus in newborns

■Renal damage from crystalline aggregates

○Trimethoprim AE

■Megaloblastic anemia

■Hyperkalemia

64
Q

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (Bactrim) nursing cosniderations

A

monitor for rash and stop immediately if present

cross allergies w/ sulfa meds

monitor CBC and CMP and progression of infection

65
Q

Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) MOA

A

causes bacterial injury by inhibiting DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and energy metabolism

66
Q

Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) indications

A

● Broad spectrum against gram + and gram -

○Currently only used for treatment and prophylaxis acute lower UTI

67
Q

Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) adverse effects

A

GI most common

pulmonary reactions (dyspnea, cough, malaise)

hematologic effects

68
Q

Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid) nursing considerations

A
  • not indicated for upper UTI
  • encourage increased water intake and cranberry juice and avoid other potential nephrotoxic drugs
69
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) MOA

A

inhibit DNA replaication/cell division

70
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) indications

A

braod spectrum against most aerobic gram -, some gram +

71
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) adverse effects

A

CNS effects

Tendon rupture, achilles

QT prolongation

Phototoxicity

GI effects

72
Q

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) nursing considerations

A

edu on tendon inury

suncreen

separate admin from dairy products, at least 6 hrs before or 2 hrs after

73
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl) MOA

A

DNA strand breakage and loss of structure which causes inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis and cell death

74
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl) inidcations

A

anaerobic bacteria infections (CDI)
peptostreptococcus
eubacterium
bacteriudes
antiprotozoal coverage

75
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl) adverse effects

A

○GI effects

○HA, dry mouth, & fatigue

○Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia

○Increases toxicities of lithium, benzos, cyclosporine, CCB, mood stabilizers, and warfarin

76
Q

Metronidazole (Flagyl) nursing cosniderations

A

○Educate not to drink alcohol while on therapy; can cause disulfiram-like reactions

○Monitor closely for drug interactions from altered metabolism

○Give with food to minimize GI upset

77
Q

Daptomycin (Cubicin) MOA

A

inhibit synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein to cause cell death

78
Q

Daptomycin (Cubicin) indications

A

gram + bacterial infections only

79
Q

Daptomycin (Cubicin) adverse effects

A

○GI effects common

○Myopathy, especially if already on statin

○Hypotension and hypertension

80
Q

Daptomycin (Cubicin) nursing cosniderations

A

monitor new onset muscle pain/weakness and baseline CPK

○HGM-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) may be stopped while on daptomycin

monitor Vitals

81
Q

Isoniazid (INH) MOA

A

suppress bacterial growth by inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acid

82
Q

Isoniazid (INH) indications

A

TB

83
Q

Isoniazid (INH) adverse effects

A

HEPTATOXICITY
neuropathy
pyridoxine deficiency
optic neuritis and visual disturbances

84
Q

Isoniazid (INH) nursing considerations

A

taking with antacids causes decreased absorption

educate on monitoring for s/s of hepatitis

monitor liver enzymes and limit alcohol

educate on s/s of peripheral neuropathy (may be reversible with vitamin B6 prophylaxis)

risk for non-adherence

85
Q

Rifampin (Rifandin) MOA

A

suppress RNA synthesis and protein synthesis

86
Q

Rifampin (Rifandin) indications

A

TB in combination with at least one other agent
leprosy (1/month)
MAC ( with ehtabutol and macrolide)

87
Q

Rifampin (Rifandin) adverse effects

A

HEPATOTOXICITY
body fluid red/organe/brown
hematologic disorders
deactivates oral contraceptives, warfarin, PI, & NNRTI

88
Q

Rifampin (Rifandin) nursing considerations

A

educate on & monitor s/s hepatitis
monitor liver enzymes and CBC
educate on fluid discoloration
child-bearing women need additional birth control

89
Q

Pyrazinamide MOA

A

Inhibits m. tuberculosis enzyme

90
Q

Pyrazinamide indications

A

multi-drug regimen for active TB

91
Q

Pyrazinamide adverse effects

A

HEPATOTOXICITY
hyperuricemia
GI disturbances (NVD)
photosensitivity

92
Q

Pyrazinamide nursing considerations

A

educate on/monitor s/s hepatitis
monitor liver enzymes and serum uric acid
report any gout like s/s
use NSAIDs PRN

93
Q

Ethambutol (Myambutol) MOA

A

promotes bacteriostatic action which impaires mycobacterial cell wall synthesis

94
Q

Ethambutol (Myambutol) indications

A

combo therapy for TB
MAC

95
Q

Ethambutol (Myambutol) adverse effects

A

Hepatotoxicity
GI tract disturbances
Optic neuritis, resulting in blurred vision, constriction of visual field, and disturbance of color discrimination

96
Q

Amphotericin B (Abelect ) MOA

A

binds to fungal cell membrane to reduce viability

97
Q

Amphotericin B (Abelect ) indications

A

broad spectrum fungal coverage

98
Q

Amphotericin B (Abelect ) adverse effects

A

infusion rx
dysrhythmias
nephrotoxicity and hypokalemia
neurotoxicity

99
Q

Amphotericin B (Abelect ) nursing considerations

A

Minimize infusion reaction with antipyretics, antihistamines, antiemetics, and/or corticosteroids
Monitor VS closely
Every 15 minutes
Monitor heart rhythm on telemetry
Monitor CMP, I/O, kidney function

100
Q

Itraconazole (Sporanox) MOA

A

inhibits synthesis of ergosterol to cause cellular leakage

101
Q

Itraconazole (Sporanox) indications

A

broad spectrum fungal coverage

102
Q

Itraconazole (Sporanox) adverse effects

A

GI effects most common
cardiac suppression
liver injury

103
Q

Itraconazole (Sporanox) nursing considerations

A

Assess medication use due to possible drug interactions
Administer with food to enhance absorption
Monitor s/s liver injury and heart failure

104
Q

Nystatin MOA

A

binds to fungal cell to reduce viability

105
Q

Nystatin indications

A

broad spectrum fungal coverage but limited use due to toxicity
used mainly for oropharyngeal candidiasis prevention and treat of oral and vaginal candidiasis

106
Q

Nystatin adverse effects

A

GI most common with PO
rash and urticaria with topical

107
Q

Nystatin nursing considerations

A

watch Po route carefully with kids
educate on proper administration with oral suspensions

108
Q

Chloroquine MOA

A

interferes with metabolism and hemoglobin utilization by parasite

109
Q

Chloroquine indications

A

mild to moderate acute attacks of P. vivax and P.falciparum
prophylaxis for erythrocytes

110
Q

Chloroquine advers effects

A

rare with prophylacyic low dose
GI effects/ab discomfort
visual disturbances and headache
pruritis

111
Q

Chloroquine nursing considerations

A

watch pts with hepatic disease closely
not able to prevent primary infection of liver

112
Q

quinidine gluconate MOA

A

concentrates heme in parasitized erythrocytes to produce lethal effect

113
Q

quinidine gluconate indication

A

IV therapy for severe malaria

114
Q

quinidine gluconate adverse effects

A

hypotension
acute circulatory failure
cardiotoxicity from bradycardia and hypokalemia/hypomagnesemia

115
Q

quinidine gluconate nursing considerations

A

slow Iv admin after loading dose
watch heart rhythm and BP frequently
watch electrolytes (K and Mg)
co-admin with doxycycline, tetracycline, or clindamycin for enhancement

Pharmacology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions