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Infection & Immunology > Antimicrobials II > Flashcards

Antimicrobials II Flashcards

1
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin and Amikacin

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2
Q

Aminoglycosides use

A

Severe sepsis

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3
Q

Aminoglycosides- Side Effects (3)

A

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Neuromuscular Blockade

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4
Q

How do Macrolides work?

A

Bind to 50S of bacteria

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5
Q

Examples of Macrolides (3)

A

14-ring: Erythromycin (New- Clarithromycin)

15-ring: Azithromycin

16-ring: Josamycin

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6
Q

Macrolides are active against what? (3)

A

1- Gram-positive cocci

2- Gram-negative coccobacilli

3- Atypical and Intracellular bacteria

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7
Q

Macrolides- Uses (2)

A

Respiratory infection

UTI

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8
Q

Macrolides- Side Effects (3)

A

Generally safe

Given in case of penicillin allergy

GI disturbance

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9
Q

Clindamycin- Mechanism of action

A

50S ribosome

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10
Q

What is clindamycin active against? (2)

A

Gram-positive aerobes

Anaerobes

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11
Q

Clindamycin- Side Effects (2)

A

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

Pseudomembranous colitis

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12
Q

Tetracycline- Mechanism of Action (2)

A

Attach to 30S ribosome to prevent binding to tRNA

Bacteriostatic

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13
Q

What is Tetracycline active against? (4)

A

Chlamaydia
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Spirochetes

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14
Q

Tetracycline- Side Effects (5)

A

GI disturbance
Photosensitvity
Deposition in developing bone+teeth (brown discoloration)
Contraindicated in children and pregnancy
Hypersensitivity skin reaction

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15
Q

Chloramphenicol- Mechanism of Action (2)

A

Act on peptidyl transferase enzyme that link amino acids in growing peptide chain

Bacteriostatic agent

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16
Q

Chloramphenicol- Side Effect (1)

A

Irreversible bone marrow aplasia

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17
Q

Chloramiphenicol- Clinical Use (2)

A

Eye drops

Ointments (topical)

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18
Q

Fusidic Acid- Properties (5)

A 
Does not bind directly to ribosomes
Anti-staphylococcal only (Narrow)
Bacteriostatic 
Not used alone bc resistance develops during treatment 
Penetrate well to bone
19
Q

Colistin- Mechanism of Action (3)

A

Bacterial cell membrane

Act with LPS in outer membrane

Potential anti-endotoxin activity (binds and neutralizes LPS)

20
Q

Colistin- Spectrum of Activity

A

Gram-negative aerobic bacilli

21
Q

Colistin- Toxicity (2)

A

Neurotoxicity

Nephrotoxicity

22
Q

Linezolid- Mechanism of Action (3)

A

Inhibits Initiation process of protein synthesis

Inhibits virulence factor expression and decrease toxin production in Gram-positive

Bacteriostatic

23
Q

Linezolid- Spectrum of Activity

A

Gram-positive bacteria

24
Q

Linezolid- Uses (1)

A

Against resistant bacteria e.g. MRSA, VRE

25
Q

Linezolid- Side Effects (1)

A

Thrombocytopenia

26
Q

Tigycycline- what is it used against? (2)

A

1- Broad (Many Gram +ve and -ve)

2- Multidrug-resistant strains of Gram +ve e.g. MRSA and MRSE, Pencillim-resistant streptococcus pneumonaie, and VRE

27
Q

Tigycycline- Clinical Indications (3)

A

1- Complicated intra-abdominal infections

2- Complicated skin and soft tissue infections

3- Community-acquired pneumonia

28
Q

Tigycycline- Side Effects (2)

A

Hepatic toxicity

Not recommended for pregnant women or children <8 years (Like Tetracycline)

29
Q

Anti-TB drugs (Sterilizing)

A

Rifampicin

Pyrazinamide

30
Q

Anti-TB drugs (Bactercidal)

A

Isoniazid

Ethambutol Streptomycin

31
Q

Anti-TB drugs (Bacteriostatic)

A

Ethinomide

P-aminosalycilic acid

32
Q

Host Factors- Quinolone

A

contraindication in children

Damage to cartilage

33
Q

Host Factors- Penicillin and Cephalosporin

A

Renal function

34
Q

Host Factors- Hepatic

A

Chloramphenicol —> Gray Baby syndrome

Sulphonamides —> Hyperbilirubinaemia —> Kernicterus

35
Q

Host Factors- Ciprofloxacin

A

Damage growing cartilage

36
Q

Host Factors- Isonazid

A

Hepatotoxicity

Toxicity starts after 50

37
Q

Pregnancy- Safety (3)

A

Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Erythromycin

38
Q

Pregnancy- Teratogenic (3)

A

Rifampcin, Metronidazole!!, Fluoroqionlones

39
Q

Site of Infection- Meningitis

A

(Can cross blood-brain barrier)

Chloramphenicol- Excellent without inflammation

Penicillin + Cephalosporin- Excellent only with Inflammation

Aminoglycosides- Poor penetration

40
Q

Site of Infection- Endocarditis

A

Synergy

41
Q

Site of Infection- Osteomyelitis

A

Clindamycin

Ciprofloxacin

Fusidic acid

42
Q

Prophylaxis- Medical (3)

A

Rheumatic heart diseases

Endocarditis

Meningococcal meningitis contacts

43
Q

Prophylaxis- Surgery (2)

A

Before surgery

Prevent wound infection

Infection & Immunology (13 decks)

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