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Infection & Immunology > Antimicrobials I > Flashcards

Antimicrobials I Flashcards

1
Q

Narrow spectrum Antibiotics (3)

A

Vancomycin, Colistin, Azteronam

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2
Q

Broad spectrum Antibiotics (2)

A

Third generation Cephalosporin, Piperacillin

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3
Q

Extended spectrum Antibiotics (2)

A

Carbapenem, Tigycycline

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4
Q

Penicillin Group 1- (Parenteral Penicillin)

A 
Benzyl Penicillin 
Procaine Penicillin (long acting)
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5
Q

Penicillin Group 2- (Oral Penicillin)

A

Penicillin V

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6
Q

Penicillin Group 3- (Anti-staphylococcal Penicillin)

A

Cloxacillin

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7
Q

Penicillin Group 4- (Extended Spectrum Penicillin)

A

Active against Enterobacteriacea except Pseudoneumonas
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin

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8
Q

Penicillin Group 5- (Penicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

A

Piperacillin

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9
Q

Penicillin Group 6- (B-lactamase-resistant Penicillin)

A

Active only against Gram-negative

Temocillin

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10
Q

Cephalosporins- 1st Generation

A

Cephalexin

Cephazolin

Wide range Gram-positive and Gram-negative (except Pseudomonas and Haemophilus)

Active against Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriacae

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11
Q

Cephalosporins- 2nd Generation

A

Cefuroxime

Cefoxitin

Wide range Gram-positive and Gram-negative including Haemophilus and Anaerobes

Cefuroxime: like Cephalexin plus active against Haemophilus and S.pneumonaie

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12
Q

Cephalosporins- 3rd Generation

A

Cefotaxime

Ceftriaxone

Ceftazidime (antipseudomonal)

Wide range (but more Gram-negative than 2nd generation)

Cefotaxime: active against Enterobacteriacae, Haemophilus, and S.pneumonaie (not Pseudomonas)

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13
Q

Cephalosporins- 4th Generation

A

Cephepime
Anti-Gram-negative
Cephepime: active against Enterobacteriacae and Pseudomonas

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14
Q

Penicillin- Side Effects (8)

A 
Hypersensitivity reaction
Anaphylactic reaction
Purities and Urticarial reaction
Maculopapular rash (commonest)
Hemolytic anemia + Thrombocytopenia
Neurotoxicity (high doses)
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15
Q

Additional carbon on Cephalosporins affect what?

A

Pharmacokinetic and Antibacterial activity

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16
Q

Properties of Cephalosporins (5)

A 
1- More stable to enzymes
2- Broader spectrum
3- Less prone hypersensitivity 
4- Oral and parenteral
*Less active against Enterococci*
17
Q

Cephalosporins- Side Effects (7)

A 
Local pain + Thrombophlebitis (at site of injection)
Hypersensitivity 
Hepatotoxicity 
GI disturbance 
Thrombocytopenia 
Pseudomembraneous Colitis
18
Q

Monobactams- Aztreonam (3)

A

1- Narrow spectrum (Anti-gram-negative)
2- Bactericidal
3- Stable to bacterial enzymes

19
Q

Carbapenem (3)

A

Isolated from Streptomyces
Broad range Gram-positive and Gram-negative
Resistant to lysis by B-lactamases

20
Q

Imipenem (Carbapenem) (4)

A

1- Not stable (combine with Cilastatin for stability)
2- Safe
3- Broad spectrum
4- Side Effects: Seizures and changes in Liver enzymes

21
Q

Meropenem (Carbapenem) (3)

A

1- Stable
2- Broad spectrum
3- Side effects similar

22
Q

Glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin and Teicoplanin

23
Q

Glycopeptides- Mode of Action (3)

A

1- Act on cell wall synthesis at stage prior to B-lactams
2- NOT act on PBP
3- NOT inactivated by B-lactamase enzymes

24
Q

Glycopeptides- Properties (4)

A

1- Gram-positive only
2- Poorly absorbed from GI
3- IM injections painful
Level of Vancomycin should be monitored in blood

25
Q

Glycopeptides- Side Effects (4)

A

Nephrotoxic (Teicoplanin less)
Ototoxic
Reversible Neutropenia + Thrombocytopenia

26
Q

Glycopeptides- Clinical Uses (2)

A

1- MRSA

2- Patient allergic to penicillin/cephalosporin with staphylococcal or streptococcal infections

27
Q

Sulphonamides- Properties (3)

A

Broad spectrum
Well absorbed orally
Contraindicated during Pregnancy

28
Q

Sulphonamides- Side Effects (8)

A 
Crystalluria + Hematuria
Hypersensitivity 
Steven-Johnson syndrome
G6PD defeciency —> Hemolytic anemia
Megablastic anemia
Liver damage 
Interfere with Bilrubin transfer in fetus
29
Q

Trimethoprim- Properties (3)

A

Against Gram-positive aerobes + Enterobacteriacae

Rapidly absorbed from GI

Used for UTI (in combination with sulfonamide)

30
Q

Trimethoprim- Side Effects (1)

A

Folic acid defeciency —> Megablastic anemia

31
Q

Notrofurantonin- Properties (3)

A

Act on bacterial mRNA, ribosomal proteins

Well absorbed orally

Used for UTI

32
Q

Notrofurantonin- Side Effects (2)

A

Peripheral neuropathy

G6PD defieciency —> Hemolysis

33
Q

Quinolone- Side Effects (4)

A 
Pseudomembranous colitis
Thrombocytopenia 
CNS (benign intracranial hypertension) + Psychosis
34
Q

Metronidazole is active against…? (3)

A

Obligate anaerobes

Helicobacter

Protozoa (T.vaginalis, Giardia, E.histolytica)

35
Q

Metronidazole- Side Effects

A

Metallic taste

Neutropenia (reversible)

Peripheral neuropathy

CNS, confusion, seizures

Infection & Immunology (13 decks)

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