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pharmacology 2 > Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 classes of antibiotics which inhibit the bacterial cell wall

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
carbepenems
vancomycin

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2
Q

which of the bacterial cell wall inhibitors are beta lactam antibiotics?

A

penicillins
cephalosporins
carbepenems

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3
Q

what is the mechanism of action of penicillin’s, cephalosporins and carbepenems?

A

inhibits CW biosynthesis
inhibit enzyme involved in transpepidase cross linking reaction, interferes with cell wall biosynthesis as individual chains can not link together

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4
Q

name 5 penicillin’s

A 
end: CILLIN
oxacillin
ampicillin
amoxicillin
cloxacillin
methicillin
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5
Q

which bacteria are penicillin’s most effective against?

A

gram +

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6
Q

what mechanism do beta lactam ring antibiotics use?

A

autolysis

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7
Q

what is the beginning of all the cefhalosporins?

A

CEF
eg. cephalexin
cefazolin

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8
Q

name 3 carbapenems

A

end: PENEM
meropenem
ertapenem
imipenem

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9
Q

carbapenems can only be administered by which route?

A

IV

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10
Q

what is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?

A

inhibits CW biosynthesis by encapsulating peptide bonds between PG layers to prevent joining

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11
Q

name the 4 classes of antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis

A

tetracycline (doxycyclin)
chloramphenicol
aminoglycosides (gentamycin, streptomycin)
macrolides (erythromycin)

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12
Q

describe the mechanism of action of tetracycline (doxycyclin) and aminoglycosides (gentamycin, streptomycin)

A

bind to and inhibit protein of 30S subunit

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13
Q

describe the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol and macrolides (erythromycin)

A

binds to and inhibits protein of 50S subunit

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14
Q

which bacteria are antibiotics targeting protein synthesis effective against?

A

both gram + and - (broad spectrum)

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15
Q

are antibiotics targeting protein synthesis bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bacteriostatic

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16
Q

are antibiotics targeting CW biosynthesis bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

A

bactericidal

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17
Q

which class of antibiotics targets DNA systhesis?

A

fluoroquinolones

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18
Q

name the fluoroquinolones?

A 
end: FLOXIN
ciprofloxin
norfloxin
levofloxin
moxifloxin
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19
Q

what are the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones?

A

inhibit enzymes (DNA gyrase) which has essential role in DNA replication

20
Q

which class of antibiotics is effective against intracellular pathogens such as legionella and mycoplasma?

A

fluoroquinolones

21
Q

which bacteria are fluoroquinolones effective against?

A

broad spectrum

22
Q

what is the mechanism of action of Rifampicin?

A

inhibits RNA biosynthesis

inhibits bacterial DNA-dependant RNA polymerase

23
Q

which antibiotics is predominantly used to treat TB?

A

rafampicin

24
Q

name three antibiotics which directly inhibit nucleic acid by inhibiting folate biosynthesis?

A

sulphonamides
trimethoprim
co-trimetoxazole

25
Q

what is sulphonamides mechanism of action?

A

analogue of PABA; acts a substrate competion

26
Q

what is the mechanism of action of trimethoprim?

A

inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

27
Q

what is the mechanism of action of co-trimetoxazole?

A

mix of sulphonamides and trimethoprim

28
Q

why is folate a good target for antibiotics?

A

bacteria make folic acid and humans don’t

29
Q

what antifungals are B1,3- glucan inhibitors?

A

echinocandins

30
Q

name 2 echinocandins

A

end: FUNGIN
casofungin
micafungin

31
Q

are echinocandins fungicidal or fungiostatic?

A

fungicidal

32
Q

what is B1,3- glucan?

A

allows synthesis of fungal cell wall - essential component and target for most antifungals

33
Q

what is the mechanism of action of echinocandins

A

inhibits enzyme B1,3 Glucan synthase thus blocking synthesis of fungal CW

34
Q

name the three classes of esgosterol inhibiting antifungals

A

polyenes
azoles
allylamines

35
Q

name 2 polyene antifungals

A

amphotericin B

nystatin

36
Q

what is the mechanism of action of polyenes?

A

bind to ergosterol in plasma membrane

forms pores in PM which disrupt integrity and cause leakage of cells constituents

37
Q

how can the severe side effects of polyenes be reduced?

A

use amphotericin B complex or liposomal

amphotericin B formulations

38
Q

are polyenes fungicidal or fungiostatic?

A

fungicidal

39
Q

name 2 types of azoles

A

imidazoles

triazoles

40
Q

name 3 imidazoles

A

end: AZOLE
miconazole
clotrimazole
ketoconazole

41
Q

name 3 triazoles

A

end: AZOLE
fluconazole
voriconazole
itraconazole

42
Q

what is the mechanism of action of azoles?

A

inhibit lanosterol C-14 demethylase - a key step in ergosterol synthesis

43
Q

name 2 allylamines

A

end: FINE
terbinafine
amorolfine

44
Q

what is the mechanism of action of allylamines?

A

inhibits earlier step in ergosterol biosynthesis

45
Q

which azole is more potent?

A

triazoles

46
Q

what is the mechanism of action of flucytosine?

A

metabolised by fungal cell to 5-fluorourcil which is toxic and inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis

47
Q

which other antifungal is flucytosine used in combination with?

A

azoles

pharmacology 2 (11 decks)

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