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D1 Host and Defense > Antimicrobials 2 - Smith > Flashcards

Antimicrobials 2 - Smith Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have what type of ribosomes?

A 
prokaryotes = 70 S ribosome
eukaryotes = 80 S ribosome
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2
Q

what is the composition of the 70S ribosome vs the 80S ribosome?

A 
70S = 30S + 50S subunits = prokaryotes
80S = 40S + 60S subunits = eukaryotes
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3
Q

what drugs that target protein synthesis can target what 3 things?

A
  1. 50S subunit
  2. 30S subunit
  3. tRNA synthatase
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4
Q

what drugs target the 30S ribosomal subunit?

A

“Buy AT 30”

  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
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5
Q

What are the examples of Tetracycline drugs?

A

Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Tigecycline
Minocycline

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6
Q

what are the examples of Aminoglycosides?

A 
Gentamycin 
Neomycin 
Amikacin 
Tobramycin 
Streptomycin
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7
Q

Aminoglycosides are bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Aminoglycosides = bactericidal

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8
Q

Aminoglycosides function how?

A

Inhibits the 30S Subunit, of aerobic bacteria:

* Blocked initiation, Misreading at translation site, or premature termination

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9
Q

Aminoglycosides are clinically used in what?

A

severe gram negative aerobic bacteria

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10
Q

what are the risks of toxicity of Aminoglycosides?

A
  • Nephrotoxicity- decrease dosage in renal function impaired patients
  • Ototoxicity - # of destroyed hair cells
  • Teratogen
  • functional accumulation
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11
Q

what is the broadest spectrum aminoglycoside?

A

amikacin

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12
Q

what are the contraindications of tetracyclines?

A
  • don’t give to: children under 8, pregnant women

- don’t take with milk, antacids, or iron tablets

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13
Q

how is tetracycline eliminated?

A

fecally eliminated

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14
Q

what is Tigecycline used to treat?

A

multi-drug resistant Strep pneumoniae, vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) and some anaerobes

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15
Q

what is the mechanism of tetracyclines?

A

Inhibits the 30S Subunit, preventing attachment of the aminoacyl-tRNA

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16
Q

tetracyclines are bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

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17
Q

what occurs if someone is allergic to 1 tetracycline, can they have another type of tetracycline?

A
  • if allergic to 1 type they will be allergic to ALL types
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18
Q

Tetracyclines are good for treating what?

A 
"VACUUM THe Bed Room"
V- vibrio chlorae
A- acne
C- chlamydia
U- ureaplasma
U- not important 
M- mycoplasma pneumonia
T- Tularemia
H- H. Pylori
B- Borreila burgdorferi (Lymes Disease)
R - Rickettsia
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19
Q

location of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic translation?

A
  • prokaryotes: continuous process of both transcription and translation in the cytosol
  • eukaryotes: discontinuous process of transcription in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm
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20
Q

mRNA of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic translation?

A
  • prokaryotes: polycistronic mRNA (1 mRNA can translate into multiple amino acids)
  • eukaryotes: monocistronic
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21
Q

why can bacteria replicate sooo FAST?

A

b/c the process of translation is continuous (transcription and translation happen at the same time) and the prokaryotic mRNA is polycistronic

22
Q

what drugs inhibit protein synthesis via tRNA synthetase?

A

only Mupirocin (Bactroban)

23
Q

what is the mechanism of Mupirocin (Bactroban)

A

-reversibly inhibits isoleucyl tRNA synthetase

24
Q

is Mupirocin bactericidal or bacteristatic? and against what?

A

bactericidal against gram positive and some gram negative bacteria

25
Q

what is Mupirocin used to treat?

A

-topical treatment for MRSA, impetigo and Strep pyogenes

26
Q

what drugs target the 50S ribosomal subunit?

A 
"CCEL Quick at 50"
C- chlorampenicol
C- clindamycin
E- erythromycin (macrolides)
L- linezolid
Q- quinpristin/ dalfopristin (streptogramins)
27
Q

what are the Streptogramins?

A

Quinupristin/dalfopristin

28
Q

what is the mechanism of Streptogramins?

A

inhibit 50S subunit

29
Q

what are the clinical uses of Streptogramins?

A
  • Life threatening bacteremia w/ VRE
  • Enterococcus faecium;
  • Complicated skin infections with S. aureus (VRSA)
30
Q

what are the risks associated with Toxicity of Streptogramins?

A

Myalgia/ arthralgia

31
Q

how is Streptogramins metabolized?

A

Streptogramins metabolized by the LIVER

32
Q

Streptogramins are bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

33
Q

Linezoid is bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

34
Q

what is the mechanism of Linezoid?

A

Binds 50S subunit and blocks protein synthesis

35
Q

clinically Linezoid is used for what?

A
  • Healthcae associated pneumonia
  • S. Aureus pneumonia
  • Infections from MRSA and VRE
36
Q

what are the risks associated with toxicity of Linezoid?

A
  • serotonin syndrome (don’t give to patients on SSRI’s)

- bone marrow suppression

37
Q

what drugs are considered Macrolines

A
  • Erythromycin
  • Azithromycin
  • Clarithromycin
38
Q

what is the mechanism of action of Macrolides?

A

Inhibits peptide translocation by binding to 50S

39
Q

Macrolides are bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bacteriostatic

40
Q

what are the clinical uses of Macrolides and what bugs will they treat?

A
  • Upper respiratory infections (sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis), pneumonia, STD’s
  • gram positive cocci chlamydia, Neisseria, mycoplasma, legionella
41
Q

what are the safest antibiotics and why?

A

Macrolides are the safest antibiotics because there are low serum levels but the drug concentrates in neutrophils, macrophages and fibroblasts.
-can be taken orally

42
Q

how is the mechanism of Azithromycin different from other macrolides and other antibiotics?

A

it does not inhibit cyt p450 enzymes

43
Q

what is azithromycin effective against?

A

-respiratory infections due to H. influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, mycobacterium (not TB)

44
Q

Clindamycin is bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

clindamycin = bacteriostatic

45
Q

what is the mechanism of action for clindamycin?

A

Blocks peptide bond formation of 50S Subunit

46
Q

Clindamycin is clinically effective in treating what?

A

“Ann Cline was Always Positive she could C. things were Difficult”

  • anaerobes
  • Gram positive cocci (no gram negative activity)
47
Q

what are the risks of toxicity with clindamycin?

A

overgrowth of Clostridium difficile (pseudomonas colitis)

48
Q

what is the mechanism of action of chloramphenicol?

A

chloramphenicol - Inhibits 50S peptidyltransferase

49
Q

chloramphenicol is bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

chloramphenicol = bacteriostatic

50
Q

chloramphenicol is clinically effective in treating what?

A
  • **it can cross BBB (meningitis)
  • meningitis (patients w penicillin allergy)
  • H. influenza
  • Rickettsia
51
Q

what is the risk of toxicity with chloramphenicol?

A
  • gray baby syndrome
  • anemia
  • teratogenic
  • inhibits cyt p450 enzyme

D1 Host and Defense (5 decks)

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