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Antimicrobial Therapy Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

High molecular weight proteins and peptides have to be administer from which route

A

Intravenous

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2
Q

Which route enables fast absorption for all solutions

A

IV

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3
Q

Which route is not suitable for big volume injections

A

Subcutaneous

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4
Q

Which substances should not be given by Subcutaneous route

A

Irritant substances
Cytotoxic drugs

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5
Q

Subcutaneous route enables fast and slow absorption for which solutions

A

Fast= aqueous
Slow= poorly soluble

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6
Q

Intramuscular route enables fast and slow absorption for which solutions

A

Fast= aqueous solutions
Slow and consistent= depot solutions

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7
Q

When Intramuscular route should be avoided

A

In patients with anticoagulant use

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8
Q

Which route is the most convenient,safe and economic

A

Oral

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9
Q

Most common drugs whose initial symptoms begin after more than 4 hours

A

Acetaminophen
Aspirin

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10
Q

Classification of untoward drug reactions

A

Desirable (therapeutic)
Undesirable —> Non-deleterious and Deleterious
Deleterious—> Pharmacological, Pathological,Genotoxic

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11
Q

Pharmacological Toxicity

A

Dose dependent effects of a drug over certain functions

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12
Q

Pathological Toxicity

A

Drug induced pathological tissue damage that is generally associated with high doses
When Necrosis or cell death happens

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13
Q

Genotoxicity

A

Situations in which drugs cause DNA damage

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14
Q

Dose independent reactions

A

Allergic reactions
Idiosyncratic reactions

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15
Q

Type of allergic drug reactions

A

Anaphylactic reactions —humoral
Cytolitic reactions —humoral
Arthus reactions —humoral
Delayed hypersensitivity —cellular

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16
Q

Anaphylactic reactions caused by

A

The release of high concentration of histamine, prostaglandins, Leukotrienes

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17
Q

Anaphylactic reactions mediated by

A

IgE

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18
Q

Anaphylactic reactions causes

A

Vasodilation
Hypotension
Edema
Inflammatory response

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19
Q

Which allergic reaction is the Fastest allergic response

A

Anaphylactic reactions

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20
Q

Cytolitic reactions caused by

A

Direct toxicity of ab for a certain ag in host tissues following ab tissue binding

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21
Q

Targets of Cytolitic reactions

A

Constituents of haematological system

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22
Q

Arthus reactions caused by

A

Precipitated ag-ab complexes

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23
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity caused by

A

Cellular immune system components like macrophages and T cells

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24
Q

Drug Investigation phases are composed of?

A

Phase 0—> preclinic
Phase 1—> healthy volunteers
Phase 2—> volunteer patients
Phase 3—> control groups
Phase 4—> post marketing

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25
Q

Toxidrome

A

Syndrome that is the constellation of signs and symptoms following intoxication of a substance

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26
Q

Why is Therapeutic index is important

A

For safety

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27
Q

Minimal inhibitory concentration

A

Minimum concentration of drug to inhibit visible growth of microorganisms in the culture
Important in deciding whether the microorganism is susceptible or resistant to the drug tested.

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28
Q

Types of Antimicrobial therapy

A

Prophylaxis
Pre-emotive
Empiric
Definitive
Suppressive

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29
Q

Prophylactic treatment

A

Done before the infection for prevention
Vaccination

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30
Q

Pre-emptive treatment

A

There is infection but in incubation period
No symptoms

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31
Q

Curative treatment

A

Empiric= ın the absence of complete or perfect info
Definitive= after the knowledge of the microbe
Symptoms are seen

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32
Q

Suppressive treatment

A

Taking daily treatment after the acknowledgment of the infection and the microorganism

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33
Q

Inhibition of viral DNA polymerase done by which drugs

A

Acyclovir
Vidarabine
Foscarnet
Ganciclovir

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34
Q

Influenza complete its replication at

A

Host cell nucleus
**exception, others complete it at the cytoplasm

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35
Q

Nucleoside analogues that need viral enzyme for activation

A

Acyclovir
Valacyclovir
Ganciclovir
Valganciclovir

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36
Q

Nucleoside analogues that does not need viral enzyme for activation

A

Cidofovir

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37
Q

Which nucleoside analogue does not need viral enzyme for activation

A

Cidofovir

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38
Q

Non-nucleoside analogues drugs that does not need viral enzyme for activation

A

Foscarnet

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39
Q

Role of Hemagglutinin and Neuroaminidase in İnfluenza replication

A

Hemagglutinin in uncoating M2, binding to cell surface
Neuroaminidase in release from the cel

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40
Q

Anti influenza agents

A

Amantadin
Rimantadin
Oseltamivir

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41
Q

Viral target for amantidin

A

Influenza M protein

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42
Q

Viral target for Rimantadin

A

Influenza M protein

43
Q

Viral target for Oseltamivir

A

Neuraminidase

44
Q

Drugs that used mainly for Hepatitis C

A

Sofosbuvir **
Velpatasvir
Voxilaprevir

45
Q

Pregnant women should nor directly care for patients receiving which drugs aerosol

46
Q

Antiretroviral agents that can be used in HBV treatment?

A

Lamivudin
Tenofovir

47
Q

Guanosin analogue that used in HBV ?

48
Q

Adenosin monophosphate analogue that only for HBV

49
Q

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in Antitertoviral therapy

A

Zidovudine
Didanosine
Stavudine
Zalcitabine
Lamivudine*
Tenofovir*
Emtricitabine
Abacavir *

50
Q

Thymidine analogues

A

Zidovudine
Stavudine

51
Q

Adenosine analogue

A

Didanosine

52
Q

Cytidine analogue

A

Zalcitabine

53
Q

Adenosine monophosphate analogue

A

Tenofovir —Antiretroviral therapy
Adefovir— HBV

54
Q

Non-Nucleosid Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

A

Nevirapine
Efavirenz — not in pregnancy
Delavirdine
Etravirdine

55
Q

Protease inhibitors

A

Saquinavir
Indianavir
Ritonavir
Nelfinavir
Amprenavir
Lopinavir
Atazanavir
Fosamprenavir
Tipranavir
Darunavir

56
Q

Entry inhibitors

A

Enfuvirtide
Maraviroc

57
Q

Integrase inhibitor

A

Raltegravir

58
Q

HCV drugs

A

Sofosbuvir
Ledipasvir
Daclatasvir
Simeprevir
Velpatasvir
Grazoprevir

59
Q

Drugs that used in Amebiasis for amoebic colitis and liver abscess

A

Metronidazole —
Tinidazole — Together with paromomycin

60
Q

Drugs that used for Giardiasis

A

Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Paromomycin
Nitazoxanide

61
Q

Drugs that used for Cryptosporoidiosis

A

Nitazoxamide —safer for pregnants

62
Q

Drugs for Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole
Tinidazole

63
Q

Drugs that used for T.Brucei gambiense

A

Pentamidine
For late stage—> NECT

64
Q

Drugs that used for T.Brucei Rhosesiense

A

Suramine
For late stage—> Melarsoprol

65
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

Visceral = Pentavalent Antimony compounds, Amphotericin B, Miltefosine

Cutaneous= Pentavalent Antimony compounds, Amphotericin B,Miltefosine

66
Q

Metronidazole

A

Trichomoiniasis
Amebiasis
Giardiasis

67
Q

Paromomycin (AMİNOGLYCODİDE)

A

E.Histolytica

68
Q

Nitazoxanide

A

Cryptosporoidosis
Giardiasis
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Enterobius Vermicularis
Trichuris trichura
Hymenolepis nana

69
Q

Sodium Stibogliconate

A

Leishmaniasis

70
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Leishmania

71
Q

Miltefosine

A

Leishmaniasis
CAN NOT USED IN PREGNANT

72
Q

Pentamidine

A

T.Brucei Gambiense — early stage

73
Q

Suramin

A

T.Brucei Rhodesiense — early stage

74
Q

Benznidazole

A

Chagas’ disease — T.Cruzei

75
Q

Nifurtimox

A

Chagas’ disease— T.cruzei
With NECT— late stages of T.Brucei gambiense

76
Q

Eflornithine

A

With NECT — early and late stages of T.Brucei gambiense

77
Q

Melarsoprol

A

Late stages of T.Brucei rhodesiense

78
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

Benzimidazoles

79
Q

Toxocara canis

A

Benzamidazole

80
Q

Necator americanus
Ancylostoma duedonale

A

Benzimadazoles

81
Q

Trichuris trichuria

A

Benzimidazoles

82
Q

Stronglyloides Stercoralis

A

Ivermectin

83
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis

A

Benzimadazoles
Pyrantel pamoate

84
Q

Trichinella Spiralis

A

Benzimidazoles

85
Q

Wucheria Bancrofti
Brugia malai
Brugia Timori

A

Benzimidazoles
Diethylcarbamate

86
Q

Loa loa

A

Diethylcarbamate

87
Q

Onchocerca Volvulus

A

Ivermectin

88
Q

Dracunculus Medinensis

A

No effective treatment
Metronidazole may provide symptomatic and functional benefit

89
Q

Taenia Saginata

A

Praziquantel
Niclosamide

90
Q

Taenia Solium

A

Albendazole

91
Q

Diphyllobotrium Latum

A

Praziquantel

92
Q

Hymenolepis nana

A

Praziquantel

93
Q

Echinococcus sp.

A

Albendazole

94
Q

Schistosoma Haematobium
Schistosoma Mansoni

Schistosoma Japonicum

A

Praziquantel

95
Q

Paragonimus westermani

A

Praziquantel
Triclobendazole

96
Q

Clanorchis Sinensis
Opisthorchis Viverrni
Opisthorchis felineus

A

Praziquantel

97
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A

Triclabendazole

98
Q

Fasciolopsis Burki
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
Nanophyetus salmincola

A

Praziquantel

99
Q

Albendazole

A

Monitor for liver and hematologic toxicity in the long term

100
Q

Viral spectrum for acyclovir

101
Q

Viral spectrum for Valacyclovir

102
Q

Viral spectrum for Ganciclovir

103
Q

Viral spectrum for valganciclovir

104
Q

Inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis is

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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