Antimicrobial Resistance

Question 1

How many bacteria fall under the “Urgent, Serious, and Concerning” threat levels?

Answer 1

18

Question 2

6 Drivers of AMR

Answer 2

1. Humans
2. Terrestrial/Aquatic Animals
3. Food and Feed
4. Plants and Crops
5. Environment/Waste
6. Water/Sanitation/Hygiene

Question 3

Biological Causes of Resistance

Answer 3

selective pressure, mutation, or gene transfer

Question 4

Societal Causes of Resistance

Answer 4

inappropriate antimicrobial use, also appropriate use (think in hospitals)

Question 5

Antimicrobial Use in People Versus Food Animals over time?

Answer 5

human antimicrobial use has stayed steady whereas it has significantly (44%) decreased in food producing animals

Question 6

Are more mg/kg of antimicrobials used in people or food animals?

Answer 6

People (125mg/kg, vs animals which are 92.6mg/kg)

Question 7

Hurdles for AMR transfer from livestock to humans

Answer 7

resistant animal strain –> survive food processing –> survive food prep –> eaten by human –> colonization in human –> disease –> treatment failure

Question 8

Are ionophores used in humans?

Answer 8

no - so they are not considered medically important

Question 9

What human antimicrobial is used a shit ton more in animals?

Answer 9

tetracyclines

Question 10

What percent of antimicrobial sales are for livestock animals?

Answer 10

65%

Question 11

Strategies Suggested to Reduce Antimicrobial Use and Resistance Development

Answer 11

taxes, limits, prevent disease, appropriate use, good recordkeeping

Question 12

Antibiogram

Answer 12

a profile of common pathogenic organisms in a geographic region