Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

U4 Drug table > Antihypertensives > Flashcards

Antihypertensives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the class for Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Loop diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mechanism for Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Inhibits Cl portion of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in luminal membrane at medullary and cortical (proximal) talH –> decreased Ca++ and Na+ (and water) reabsorption, resultant K+ loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the therapeutics for Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Crisis edema (pulmonary, CHF, cirrhosis), hypercalcemia, drug toxicity/OD; severe hypertension in setting of CHF or cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the important side effects for Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Hypokalemia/hypomagnesemia, hypercalcinuria, nephrocalcinosis, ototoxicity (esp. w/aminoglycoside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the other side effects for Furosemide (Lasix)

A

Hyper -glycemia, -lipidemia, -uricemia; hypo -magnesia, -natremia; gout, photosensitivity, drug interactions; erectile dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Furosemide (Lasix)

A

avoid NSAIDs, take before salty meals, reduce salt intake; useful in patients with renal insufficiency (GFR < 30-40)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the class for Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

A

Thiazide diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the mechanism for Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

A

Inhibits the Cl portion of the Na-Cl cotransporter in the luminal membrane at the early distal tubule –> decreased Na+ (and water) reabsorption, increased Ca++ reabsorption, resultant K+ loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the therapeutics for Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

A

HTN (intravascular contraction), chronic edema (cardiac insufficiency), idiopathic hypercalciuria (stones), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the important side effects for Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

A

Hypokalemia/hypomagnesemia, contraction alkalosis, increased BUN & creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the other side effects for Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

A

Hyper -glycemia, -lipidemia, -uricemia, -calcemia; hypo -magnesia, -natremia; gout, photosensitivity, impotence, drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)

A

avoid NSAIDs, bile sequestrants; ineffective if GFR <30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the class for Chlorthalidone (Thalitone)

A

Thiazide-like diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the mechanism for Chlorthalidone (Thalitone)

A

Inhibits the Cl portion of the Na-Cl cotransporter in the luminal membrane at the early distal tubule –> decreased Na+ (and water) reabsorption, increased Ca++ reabsorption, resultant K+ loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the therapeutics for Chlorthalidone (Thalitone)

A

Reduce stroke risk, CHF events; HTN (intravascular contraction), chronic edema (cardiac insufficiency), idiopathic hypercalciuria (stones), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the important side effects for Chlorthalidone (Thalitone)

A

Hypokalemia/hypomagnesemia, contraction alkalosis, increased BUN & creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the other side effects for Chlorthalidone (Thalitone)

A

Hyper -glycemia, -lipidemia, -uricemia, -calcemia; hypo -magnesia, -natremia; gout, photosensitivity, impotence, drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Chlorthalidone (Thalitone)

A

avoid NSAIDs, bile sequestrants; ineffective if GFR <30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the class for Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

A

Thiazide-like diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the mechanism for Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

A

Inhibits the Cl portion of the Na-Cl cotransporter in the luminal membrane at the early distal tubule –> decreased Na+ (and water) reabsorption, increased Ca++ reabsorption, resultant K+ loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the therapeutics for Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

A

HTN (intravascular contraction), chronic edema (cardiac insufficiency), idiopathic hypercalciuria (stones), nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the important side effects for Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

A

Hypokalemia/hypomagnesemia, contraction alkalosis, increased BUN & creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the other side effects for Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

A

Hyper -glycemia, -lipidemia, -uricemia, -calcemia; hypo -magnesia, -natremia; gout, photosensitivity, impotence, drug interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the miscellaneous for Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

A

avoid NSAIDs, bile sequestrants; ineffective if GFR <30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the class for Amiloride (Midamor)
Renal ENaC inhibitor
26
What is the mechanism for Amiloride (Midamor)
Blocks Na channel and Na/H antiporter in lumenal membrane at the late distal tubule and collecting duct --> decreased K+ secretion and distal tubule acid secretion, increased Ca++ absorption
27
What are the therapeutics for Amiloride (Midamor)
Combination with other diuretics to prevent hypokalemia; edema, idiopathic hypercalciuria (stones); lithium-induced polyuria & toxicity, Liddle syndrome, mucocilliary clearance
28
What are the important side effects for Amiloride (Midamor)
Hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure or on ACE inhibitors
29
What are the miscellaneous for Amiloride (Midamor)
Contraindicated in patients with renal failure (hyperkalemia), ACEi/ARB use; FeNa = 2%
30
What is the class for Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Aldosterone receptor antagonist
31
What is the mechanism for Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Competes for aldosterone receptor, inhibiting mRNA transcription and translation --> decreased Na and K channels, decreased number and activity of Na-K-ATPase pumps in the late distal tubule and collecting duct --> decreased K+ secretion, distal tubule acid secretion
32
What are the therapeutics for Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Reduction in CHF mortality (30% in NYHA class III and IV); combination with other diuretics to prevent hypokalemia; edema; primary and secondary aldosteronism; hypertension; anti-testosterone agent
33
What are the important side effects for Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure or on ACE inhibitors; male patients may have gynecomastia, erectile dysfunction, and loss of libido; female patients may have amenorrhea, breast soreness, and oligomenorrhea
34
What are the miscellaneous for Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Contraindicated in patients with renal failure (hyperkalemia); FeNa = 2%; requires a salt-restricted diet; only drug not requiring tubular lumen access
35
What is the class for Eplerenone (Inspra)
Potassium-sparing diuretic
36
What is the mechanism for Eplerenone (Inspra)
Block alodesterone; inhibits sodium reabsorption in distal tubule
37
What are the therapeutics for Eplerenone (Inspra)
Reduction in CHF mortality (30% in NYHA class III and IV); combination with other diuretics to prevent hypokalemia; edema; primary and secondary aldosteronism; hypertension; anti-testosterone agent
38
What are the important side effects for Eplerenone (Inspra)
Hyperkalemia; much lower incidence of gynecomastia and mennorhagia
39
What are the miscellaneous for Eplerenone (Inspra)
Caution in renal failure, ACEi or ARB use, and in diabetics
40
What is the class for Captopril (Capoten)
short-acting ACE-I (vasodilators)
41
What is the mechanism for Captopril (Capoten)
Blocks endothelial ACE from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor); as a side effect, also prevents breakdown of bradykinin (potent vasodilator)
42
What are the therapeutics for Captopril (Capoten)
CHF, left ventricular hypertrophy, post-MI (prevents left ventricular remodeling)
43
What are the important side effects for Captopril (Capoten)
Dry cough, angioedema, inhibits renal autoregulation, hypotension
44
What are the miscellaneous for Captopril (Capoten)
Short-acting; contraindicated in pregnancy, renal artery stenosis, hyperkalemia, and prior angioedema (no ARB allowed, either); caution in renal failure; reduces incidence of future CAD events, may reduce risk of diabetes
45
What is the class for Lisinopril (Prinivil); Benazepril (Lotensin); Quinapril (Accupril); Ramipril (Altace)
long-acting ACE-I (vasodilators)
46
What is the mechanism for Lisinopril (Prinivil); Benazepril (Lotensin); Quinapril (Accupril); Ramipril (Altace)
Blocks endothelial ACE from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor); as a side effect, also prevents breakdown of bradykinin (potent vasodilator)
47
What are the therapeutics for Lisinopril (Prinivil); Benazepril (Lotensin); Quinapril (Accupril); Ramipril (Altace)
CHF, left ventricular hypertrophy, post-MI (prevents left ventricular remodeling)
48
What are the important side effects for Lisinopril (Prinivil); Benazepril (Lotensin); Quinapril (Accupril); Ramipril (Altace)
Dry cough, angioedema, decreased renal function, hypotension
49
What are the miscellaneous for Lisinopril (Prinivil); Benazepril (Lotensin); Quinapril (Accupril); Ramipril (Altace)
Long-acting; contraindicated in pregnancy, renal artery stenosis, hyperkalemia, and prior angioedema (no ARB allowed, either); caution in renal failure; reduces incidence of future CAD events; may reduce risk of diabetes
50
What is the class for Enalapril (Vasotec)
ACE-I (vasodilators)
51
What is the mechanism for Enalapril (Vasotec)
Blocks endothelial ACE from converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor); as a side effect, also prevents breakdown of bradykinin (potent vasodilator)
52
What are the therapeutics for Enalapril (Vasotec)
CHF, left ventricular hypertrophy, post-MI (prevents left ventricular remodeling)
53
What are the important side effects for Enalapril (Vasotec)
Dry cough, angioedema, decreased renal function, hypotension
54
What are the miscellaneous for Enalapril (Vasotec)
Metabolized to enalaprilat, a more active metabolite;contraindicated in pregnancy, renal artery stenosis, hyperkalemia, and prior angioedema (no ARB allowed, either); caution in renal failure; reduces incidence of future CAD events; may reduce risk of diabetes
55
What is the class for Losartan (Cozaar); Valsartan (Diovan); Irbesartan (Avapro)
Angiotensin II Recepter Blockers
56
What is the mechanism for Losartan (Cozaar); Valsartan (Diovan); Irbesartan (Avapro)
Competitive inhibition of angiotensin II in vascular endothelium
57
What are the therapeutics for Losartan (Cozaar); Valsartan (Diovan); Irbesartan (Avapro)
Fall in peripheral vascular resistance, w/little change in HR or CO; same uses as ACE-I
58
What are the important side effects for Losartan (Cozaar); Valsartan (Diovan); Irbesartan (Avapro)
Angioedema, decreased renal function, hypotension; dry cough less frequent than with ACE-I
59
What are the miscellaneous for Losartan (Cozaar); Valsartan (Diovan); Irbesartan (Avapro)
Contraindicated in pregnancy, renal artery stenosis, hyperkalemia, and prior angioedema (no ARB allowed, either); caution in renal failure
60
What is the class for Aliskiren (Tekturna)
Renin inhibitor
61
What is the mechanism for Aliskiren (Tekturna)
Renin inhibitor
62
What are the therapeutics for Aliskiren (Tekturna)
Not very effective
63
What is the class for Diltiazem (Cardizem); Verapamil (Calan)
Non-dihydropyridine Calcium channel blockers
64
What is the mechanism for Diltiazem (Cardizem); Verapamil (Calan)
Interact with L-type voltage gated plasma membrane Ca channel --> decreased calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cell, preventing contraction; causes decreased contractility, firing rate of aberrant pacemaker sites, and conduction velocity; prolongs repolarization in SA node and AV node (--> decreases HR); less vasodilation
65
What are the therapeutics for Diltiazem (Cardizem); Verapamil (Calan)
Hypertension, anti-anginal (chronotropic effects --> decreased myocardial oxygen demand), SVT (class IV anti-arrhythymic)
66
What are the important side effects for Diltiazem (Cardizem); Verapamil (Calan)
Leg edema, bradycardia, AV nodal blockade, hypotension, worsening heart failure
67
What are the other side effects for Diltiazem (Cardizem); Verapamil (Calan)
Constipation (most common), headache, flushing
68
What are the miscellaneous for Diltiazem (Cardizem); Verapamil (Calan)
Contraindicated in overt decompensated heart failure, bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction, high-degree AV block
69
What is the class for Amlodipine (Norvasc); Nifedipine (Procardia)
Dihydropyridine Calcium channel blockers
70
What is the mechanism for Amlodipine (Norvasc); Nifedipine (Procardia)
Interact with L-type voltage gated plasma membrane Ca channel --> decreased calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle cell, preventing contraction; causes dilation of epicardial coronary arteries, arteriolar resistance arteries; less heart-specific activity
71
What are the therapeutics for Amlodipine (Norvasc); Nifedipine (Procardia)
Hypertension, Raynauds, angina (3rd choice drug)
72
What are the important side effects for Amlodipine (Norvasc); Nifedipine (Procardia)
Leg edema (less than 1st generation), heart failure, AV nodal blockade, reflex tachycardia (lipophilic agents gain entry to brain and depress vasomotor center, rapidly dropping BP; this causes more reflex sympathetic activation (leading to adverse CV effects); long-acting agents are less lipophilic, and will cause less sympathetic activation and initial fall in BP)
73
What are the other side effects for Amlodipine (Norvasc); Nifedipine (Procardia)
Constipation (most common), headache, flushing
74
What are the miscellaneous for Amlodipine (Norvasc); Nifedipine (Procardia)
Contraindicated in overt decompensated heart failure, bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction, high-degree AV block
75
What is the class for Propranolol (Inderal)
Nonselective ?-blocker
76
What is the mechanism for Propranolol (Inderal)
Nonselective ?-blocker; primarily reduces cardiac output
77
What are the important side effects for Propranolol (Inderal)
Bronchospasm, bradycardia (negative chronotrope), CHF (negative ionotrope), masking of hypoglycemia symptoms
78
What are the other side effects for Propranolol (Inderal)
Decreased exercise capacity, depression (crosses BBB), worsening symptoms of peripheral vascular disease
79
What is the class for Metoprolol (Lopressor); Atenolol (Tenormin)
?1-selective blocker
80
What is the mechanism for Metoprolol (Lopressor); Atenolol (Tenormin)
Moderately selective ?1 blockade
81
What are the important side effects for Metoprolol (Lopressor); Atenolol (Tenormin)
Less likely to have bronchospasm, hypoglycemic awareness, and depression
82
What is the class for Bisoprolol (Zebeta); Nadolol (Corgard)
?1-selective blocker
83
What is the mechanism for Bisoprolol (Zebeta); Nadolol (Corgard)
Moderately selective ?1 blockade
84
What are the important side effects for Bisoprolol (Zebeta); Nadolol (Corgard)
Less likely to have bronchospasm, hypoglycemic awareness, and depression
85
What are the miscellaneous for Bisoprolol (Zebeta); Nadolol (Corgard)
Longer-acting than other beta-blockers
86
What is the class for Labetolol (Trandate)
Combined ?? blocker
87
What is the mechanism for Labetolol (Trandate)
?1 blockade with vasodilatory effects
88
What are the therapeutics for Labetolol (Trandate)
Hypertensive urgency
89
What is the class for Carvedilol (Coreg)
Combined ?? blocker
90
What is the mechanism for Carvedilol (Coreg)
?1 blockade with vasodilatory effects
91
What are the therapeutics for Carvedilol (Coreg)
Acute coronary syndrome, CHF
92
What is the class for Esmolol (Brevibloc)
?1-selective blocker
93
What are the therapeutics for Esmolol (Brevibloc)
AV nodal blockade in unstable patients
94
What are the miscellaneous for Esmolol (Brevibloc)
Short half-life
95
What is the class for Terazosin (Hytrin); Doxazosin (Cardura)
?1-adrenergic receptor antagonist
96
What is the mechanism for Terazosin (Hytrin); Doxazosin (Cardura)
Blocks post-synaptic ?1-adrenergic receptor antagonist on vascular smooth muscle
97
What are the therapeutics for Terazosin (Hytrin); Doxazosin (Cardura)
BPH; second-tier meds (use when other condition around, not for isolated hypertension)
98
What are the important side effects for Terazosin (Hytrin); Doxazosin (Cardura)
Orthostatic hypotension, fluid retention, worsening angina (secondary to reflex tachycardia)
99
What is the class for Clonidine (Catapres)
Central ?2-agonist
100
What is the mechanism for Clonidine (Catapres)
Stimulation of central ?2a adrenergic receptors --> reduction in sympathetic outflow from vasomotor systems in brainstem; inhibition of renin release (secondary to decreased sympathetic tone)
101
What are the important side effects for Clonidine (Catapres)
Rebound HTN if abruptly stopped; moderate orthostatic hypotension
102
What are the other side effects for Clonidine (Catapres)
Sedation, dry mouth, fatigue, depression
103
What is the class for ?-methyldopa (Aldomet)
Central ?2-agonist
104
What is the mechanism for ?-methyldopa (Aldomet)
Stimulation of central ?2a adrenergic receptors --> reduction in sympathetic outflow from vasomotor systems in brainstem; inhibition of renin release (secondary to decreased sympathetic tone)
105
What are the therapeutics for ?-methyldopa (Aldomet)
Hypertension of pregnancy (only)
106
What are the important side effects for ?-methyldopa (Aldomet)
Rebound HTN if abruptly stopped; moderate orthostatic hypotension
107
What are the other side effects for ?-methyldopa (Aldomet)
Sedation, dry mouth, fatigue, depression
108
What are the miscellaneous for ?-methyldopa (Aldomet)
Takes place of dopa, so less NE (also, methyl-NE activates ?2)
109
What is the class for Reserpine (Serpalan)
Ganglion blocking agent (adrenergic neuron blocking agent)
110
What is the mechanism for Reserpine (Serpalan)
Blocks transport of NE, DA, and 5HIAA into storage granules in PNS and CNS --> less neurotransmitter available when nerves are stimulated
111
What are the therapeutics for Reserpine (Serpalan)
Decrease cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance
112
What are the important side effects for Reserpine (Serpalan)
Sedation, mental depression, Parkinsonism symptoms
113
What is the class for Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Direct (vasodilators)
114
What is the mechanism for Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Relax smooth muscle of peripheral arterioles
115
What are the therapeutics for Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Hypertensive urgency; patients with BOTH advanced CHF and hypertension
116
What are the important side effects for Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Drug-induced lupus
117
What are the other side effects for Hydralazine (Apresoline)
reflex tachycardia
118
What are the miscellaneous for Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Serves as an antioxidant, preventing oxidation of NO
119
What is the class for Minoxidil (Loniten)
Direct (vasodilators)
120
What is the mechanism for Minoxidil (Loniten)
Relax smooth muscle of peripheral arterioles
121
What are the therapeutics for Minoxidil (Loniten)
Refractory hypertension; hair loss
122
What are the important side effects for Minoxidil (Loniten)
Pericardial effusion; hirsutism
123
What are the other side effects for Minoxidil (Loniten)
reflex tachycardia
124
What are the miscellaneous for Minoxidil (Loniten)
Smooth muscle relaxation by opening cardiovascular ATP-sensitive potassium channels

U4 Drug table (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions