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Immunology and Serology > Antigens and the Major Histocompatibility Complex > Flashcards

Antigens and the Major Histocompatibility Complex Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules capable of triggering an
adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent host

A

immunogens

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2
Q

a substance that reacts with antibody or sensitized
T cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response

A

antigen

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3
Q

all immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

A

true

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4
Q

what are the biological properties of an individual that can influence immune response

A

age, overall health, dose, route of inoculation, genetic opacity

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5
Q

the larger the amount of an immunogen one is exposed to, the greater the immune response

A

true

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6
Q

older individuals are more likely to have a decreased response to antigenic stimulation, neonates do not fully respond to immunogens, because their immune systems are not
completely developed

A

age

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7
Q

individuals who are malnourished, fatigued, or stressed are less likely to mount a successful immune response

A

overall health

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8
Q

a threshold dose, allows the innate immune
response to take care of small amounts of pathogens and leave the adaptive response for pathogens that are present in large numbers

A

dose

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9
Q

include intravenous (into a vein), intradermal (into the skin), subcutaneous (beneath the skin), and oral administration (lecules)

A

route of inoculation

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10
Q

linked to the MHC and to the receptors
generated during T and B lymphocyte development

A

genetic capacity

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11
Q

a system of genes that code for cell-surface molecules that play an important role in antigen recognition

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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12
Q

ability of an immunogen to stimulate a host response

A

immunogenicity

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13
Q

what should be the molecular weight of immunogen to be recognized the immune system

A

10,000 daltons

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14
Q

best immunogens typically have a molecular weight of over _____?

A

100,000 daltons

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15
Q

the rule of thumb in macromolecular size (trait of immunogen) is that the GREATER the MOLECULAR WEIGHT, the MORE POTENT the molecule is as an antigen

A

true (macromolecular size of immunogen - a trait of immunogen)

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16
Q

all immunogens share foreigness

A

true

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17
Q

substances recognized as nonself are immunogenic

A

true

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18
Q

enumerate the traits of immunogens

A

(1) macromolecular size (2) chemical composition and molecular complexity (3) foreignness (4) ability to be processed and presented with MHC

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19
Q

these are the best immunogens

A

proteins and polysaccharides

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20
Q

immunogens that are somewhat less immunogenic than protein

A

carbohydrates

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21
Q

carbohydrates immunogens could be in what forms

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

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22
Q

A, B, and H blood group antigens are?

A

glycolipids

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23
Q

Rh and Lewis antigens are?

A

glycoproteins

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24
Q

not immunogenic by themselves, although a response can be generated when they are attached to a suitable carrier molecule

A

pure nucleic acids and lipids

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25
Q

being able to distinguish between self and non-self, and those substances recognized as non-self are immunogenic

A

foreignness

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26
Q

involves enzymatic digestion to create small peptides or pieces that can be complexed to MHC molecules to present to responsive lymphocytes

A

ability to be processed and presented with MHC
molecules

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27
Q

determinant site

A

epitope

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28
Q

molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by B or T cells

A

epitope

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29
Q

may be repeating copies, or they may have differing specificities; linear or conformational

A

epitope

30
Q

surface antibody on B cells MAY REACT WITH BOTH LINEAR OR CONFORMATIONAL EPITOPES present on the surface of an immunogen

A

epitope recognition by B cells

31
Q

recognize an epitope only as a PART OF COMPLEX FORMED WITH MHC proteins on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

A

epitope recognition by T cells

32
Q

epitopes recognized by B cells may differ from those recognized by T cells

A

true

33
Q

anything that is capable of cross-;inking surface immunoglobulin molecules is able to trigger B-cell activation

A

true

34
Q

non-immunogenic materials that when combined with a carrier, create new antigenic determinants

A

haptens

35
Q

may be complexed artificially with carrier molecules in a laboratory setting, or this may occur naturally within a host and set off an immune response

A

haptens

36
Q

once antibody production is initiated, the hapten is capable of reaction with antibody even when the hapten is not complexed to a carrier molecule

A

true

37
Q

a substance administered with an immunogen that increases the immune response

A

adjuvants

38
Q

acts by producing a local inflammatory response that attracts a large number of immune system cells to the injection site

A

adjuvants

39
Q

the only adjuvants approved for clinical use
in the United States used to complex with the
immunogen to increase its size and to prevent a rapid escape from the tissues; injected into the muscle to work

A

aluminum salts

40
Q

a vaccine that uses aluminum salts as adjuvants

A

hepatitis B vaccine

41
Q

adjuvants enhance the immune response by (1) PROLONGING existence of immunogen in the area (2) INCREASING the effective SIZE of the immunogen (3) INCREASING the NUMBER of macrophages involved in antigen processing

A

true

42
Q

antigens that belong to the host; do not evoke an immune response under normal circumstances

A

autoantigens

43
Q

antigens from other members of the host’s species; capable of eliciting an immune response; important to consider in tissue transplantation and in blood transfusions

A

alloantigens

44
Q

antigens from other species, such as other
animals, plants, or microorganisms

A

heteroantigens

45
Q

heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants or animals but are either identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one will cross-react with an antigen of the other

A

heterophile

46
Q

major histocompatibility complex molecules are formerly known as?

A

human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

47
Q

they determine whether transplanted tissue is histocompatible and thus accepted or recognized as foreign and rejected

A

MHC molecules

48
Q

its main function is to bring antigen to the cell surface for recognition by T cells because T-cell activation will occur only when antigen is combined with it

A

MHC molecules

49
Q

genes controlling expression of MHC molecules are actually a system of genes known as?

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

50
Q

genes coding for the MHC molecules in humans are found on the short arm of? and are divide into ____ categories or classes.

A

chromosome 6 ; three (Class I, II, and III)

51
Q

molecules are coded for at three different
locations or loci, termed A, B, and C

A

class I

52
Q

genes are situated in the D region and there
are several different loci, known as DR, DQ, and DP

A

class II

53
Q

coded between the class I and class II regions
on chromosome 6

A

class III

54
Q

codes for complement proteins (C4A, C4B, C2 and B complement) and cytokines such as TNF

A

class III

55
Q

expressed on ALL NUCLEATED CELLS

A

structure of class I MHC molecules

56
Q

highest on lymphocytes and low or undetected on liver hepatocytes, neural cells, muscle cells, and sperm

A

structure of class I MHC molecules

57
Q

a structure of class I MHC molecules that has a molecular weight of 45,000

A

alpha chain

58
Q

a light chain associated with alpha chain that has a molecular weight of 12,000 (structure of class I)

A

beta-2-microglobulin

59
Q

structure of class I MHC molecules that REACTS WITH CD8 on cytotoxic T cells

A

alpha-3 region

60
Q

found primarily on antigen-presenting cells (APC) which include B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

A

structure of class II MHC molecules

61
Q

expressed at the highest level, as it accounts for about one-half of all the class II molecules on a particular cell ; this gene is the most highly polymorphic, as 18 different alleles are known at this time (structure of class II)

A

DR

62
Q

both the chain, with a molecular weight of __________, and the chain, with a molecular weight of ____________, are ANCHORED TO THE CELL MEMBRANE (structure of class II)

A

33,000 ; 27,000

63
Q

what is the role of MHC class I and II

A

to bind peptides within cells and transport them to the plasma membrane where T cells can recognize them in the antigen presentation

64
Q

role of MHC class I and II is to bind peptides within cells and transport them to the plasma
membrane, where T cells can recognize them in the phenomenon known as

A

antigen presentation

65
Q

mainly present peptides that have been synthesized within the cell to CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells

A

class I

66
Q

the watchdogs of viral, tumor, and certain parasitic antigens that are synthesized within the cell

A

class I

67
Q

Display of hundreds of class I molecules complexed to antigen allows CD8+ T cells to continuously check cell surfaces for the presence of non-self antigens. If it recognizes an antigen as being foreign, the CD8+T cell produces _______ that causes lysis of the entire cell.

A

cytokines

68
Q

present antigen to CD4 (helper) T cells

A

class II

69
Q

mainly binds exogenous proteins - those taken into the cell from the outside and degraded

A

class II

70
Q

stimulate CD4 T cells in the case of bacterial infections or the presence of other material that is endocytosed by the cell

A

class II

71
Q

on the cell surface, class II molecules are responsible for forming a _________ that occurs between antigen, class II molecule, and an appropriate T-cell receptor. if binding occurs with a T-cell receptor on a CD4+ T cell, the helper T cell recruits and triggers a _______ response resulting in ________ formation

A

trimolecular complex ; B cell ; antibody

Immunology and Serology (3 decks)

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