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Immunology and Serology > Antibodies > Flashcards

Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

antibodies is also known as?

A

immunoglobulins

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2
Q

glycoproteins found in the serum portion of the blood, constitute approximately 20% of plasma
proteins in healthy individuals, composed of 86% to 98% polypeptide and 2% to 14% carbohydrate

A

immunoglobulins

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3
Q

play an essential role in antigen recognition and in biological activities related to the immune response such as opsonization and complement activation

A

immunoglobulins

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4
Q

immunoglobulins are divided into five major classes on the basis of a part of the molecule called the HEAVY chain, what are those five major classes?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE

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5
Q

immunoglobulin constitutes approx. ____% of plasma proteins in healthy individuals

A

20

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6
Q

immunoglobulins are composed of __________%
polypeptide and _______% carbohydrate

A

86% to 98%
2% to 14%

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7
Q

immunoglobulin consists of two large chains called?

A

heavy or H chain
light or L chain (2)

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8
Q

each immunoglobulin chain has a SINGLE VARIABLE REGION (unique to each specific antibody) and ONE OR MORE CONSTANT regions

A

true

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9
Q

immunoglobulin chains are held together by ______ and _______ interchain bridges

A

non-covalent forces
disulfide

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10
Q

located at N terminus; unique to each specific antibody

A

variable region

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11
Q

with same amino sequence

A

constant region

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12
Q

cleaved IgG into 3 pieces

A

papain digestion

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13
Q

Fc fragment is known as

A

fragment crystallizable

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14
Q

spontaneously CRYSTALLIZED AT 4C, has NO ANTIGEN BINDING ABILITY, important in the EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS of Ig molecules (opsonization and complement fixation)

A

fragment crystallizable

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15
Q

2 identical Fab fragments is known as

A

fragment antigen binding

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16
Q

HAVE ANTIGEN-BINDING CAPACITY, consists of ONE L chain and ONE-HALF of an H chain held together by DISULFIDE bonding

A

fragment antigen binding

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17
Q

cleaved IgG at the CARBOXYL-TERMINAL side of the interchain double bonds; F(ab’)2 and Fc (similar to
Fc except that it disintegrated into several smaller pieces)

A

pepsin digestion

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18
Q

what are the two types of light chains

A

kappa chains and lambda chains

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19
Q

region with the same sequence (L chain)

A

constant region

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20
Q

amino-terminal end (L chain)

A

variable region

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21
Q

60% of L chains are ______ chains?

A

kappa

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22
Q

___% of L chains are Kappa chains because they are coded for first in DNA transcription of genes coding for antibody molecules

A

60

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23
Q

the difference between kappa and lambda chains lies in the ______ substitutions at a few locations along the chain

A

amino acid

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24
Q

there is no functional differences between the two types of light chains (kappa and lambda)

A

true

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25
Q

both types of L chain (kappa and lambda) are FOUND IN ALL FIVE CLASSES of immunoglobulins but ONLY ONE TYPE IS PRESENT IN GIVEN MOLECULE

A

true

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26
Q

in H chain, it is a location of the first approx. 110 amino acids at the AMINO-TERMINAL END

A

variable region

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27
Q

in H chain, it is a location of the remaining amino acids

A

constant region

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28
Q

in H chain, constant region can be divided into 3 or 4 constant regions with very similar sequences that is unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin type its name, what are these?

A

CH1, CH2, and CH3

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29
Q

has an γ H chain

A

IgG

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30
Q

has a μ chain

A

IgM

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31
Q

has an α chain

A

IgA

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32
Q

has a δ chain

A

IgD

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33
Q

has an ε chain

A

IgE

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34
Q

a unique amino acid sequence that is
common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given species, determined by the heavy-chain constant region

A

isotype

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35
Q

there are five antibody isotypes that each have a unique heavy-chain constant region, enumerate.

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE

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36
Q

minor variations in isotype

A

allotypes

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37
Q

occur in the four IgG subclasses, in one IgA subclass, and in the κ L chain

A

allotypes

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38
Q

variable portions of each chain that are
unique to a specific antibody molecule, amino-terminal ends of both L and H chains serve as the ANTIGEN-RECOGNITION UNIT

A

idiotype

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39
Q

the segment of H chain located between the CH1 and CH2 regions

A

hinge region

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40
Q

hinge region has high content of ____ and HYDROPHOBIC RESIDUES

A

proline

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41
Q

chains that all have a hinge region

A

gamma, delta, and alpha

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42
Q

chains that has no hinge region

A

mu and epsilon

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43
Q

all types of immunoglobulins contain a CARBOHYDRATE PORTION, which is localized between the __________ domains of the two H chains

A

CH2

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44
Q

allows for flexibility

A

proline

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45
Q

lets the two antigen-binding sites operate independently and engage in an angular motion relative to each other and to the FC stem, assists in effector functions including initiation of the complement cascade and binding to cells with specific receptors for the Fc portion of the molecule

A

proline

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46
Q

increasing the solubility of immunoglobulin, providing protection against degradation, and enhancing functional activity of the FC domains

A

carbohydrate

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47
Q

predominant immunoglobulin in humans

A

IgG

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48
Q

IgG is _____% of total serum immunoglobulins

A

70-75

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49
Q

what is the half life of IgG

A

23 days

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50
Q

give the four major subclasses of IgG with its corresponding distribution

A

IgG1 - 66%
IgG2 - 23%
IgG3 - 7%
IgG4 - 4%

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51
Q

IgG subclasses differ mainly in the number and position of the disulfide bridges between the γ chains

52
Q

all subclasses of IgG have the ability to cross the placenta except?

53
Q

In IgG, variability in the hinge region affects the ability to reach for antigen and the ability to initiate important biological functions such as complement activation

54
Q

mediators of complement activation

A

IgG3, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 (IgG3 being the most efficient, followed by IgG1)

55
Q

the most efficient mediator of complement activation

56
Q

what re the main functions of IgG

A

(1) providing immunity for the newborn (IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta)
(2) fixing complement
(3) coating antigen for enhanced phagocytosis (opsonization)
(4) neutralizing toxins and viruses
(5) participating in agglutination and precipitation reactions

57
Q

known as a macroglobulin because it has a sedimentation rate of 19 S, which represents a molecular weight of approximately 900,000

58
Q

what is the sedimentation rate of IgM

59
Q

what is the molecular weight of IgM

60
Q

what is the half-life of IgM

61
Q

IgM is ____% of all serum immunoglobulins

A

5% and 10%

62
Q

assumes a STARLIKE pattern with 10 functional binding sites

63
Q

found mainly in the intravascular pool because of its LARGE SIZE

64
Q

known as the primary response antibody

65
Q

it is the first to appear after antigenic stimulation and the first to appear in the maturing infant

66
Q

synthesized only as long as antigen remains present because there are no memory cells for it

67
Q

can be used to diagnose an acute infection, as its presence indicates a primary exposure to antigen

68
Q

what are the 2 forms of IgM

A

pentamer and monomer

69
Q

form of IgM found in serum, held by a J or JOINING CHAIN which serve as linkage points for disulfide bonds between 2 adjacent monomers, facilitates secretion as mucosal surfaces

70
Q

form of IgM present on the surface of B cells

71
Q

what are the functions of IgM

A

(1) complement fixation
(2) agglutination
(3) opsonization
(4) toxin neutralization

72
Q

what is the difference between IgG and IgM in terms of function

A

IgG can provide immunity, IgM dont

73
Q

IgA represents ______% of all circulating immunoglobulin

74
Q

appears as a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 160,000, has a sedimentation coefficient of 7S

75
Q

what is the sedimentation rate of IgA

76
Q

what is the molecular weight of IgA

77
Q

what are the 2 subclasses of IgA

A

IgA1 and IgA2

78
Q

has a SECRETORY COMPONENT that protects it from enzymatic digestion while it patrols mucosal surfaces

79
Q

aggregation of immune complexes may trigger the
alternate complement pathway

80
Q

is the predominant FORM in secretions at mucosal
surface

81
Q

form of IgA that is mainly found in serum

82
Q

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY agent because it downregulates IgG-mediated phagocytosis, chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and cytokine release

83
Q

patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense

84
Q

plays an important role in neutralizing toxins produced by microorganisms and helps to prevent bacterial and viral adherence to mucosal surfaces

85
Q

in breastmilk, this immunoglobulin maintain the health of newborns by passively transferring antibodies and greatly decreasing infant death from both respiratory and gastrointestinal infections

86
Q

IgD represents less than ____% of total immunoglobulin

87
Q

what is the half life of IgD

A

1 to 3 days

88
Q

found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes

89
Q

second type of immunoglobulin to appear (IgM being the first) and it may play a role in B-cell activation

90
Q

best known for its very low concentration in serum and the fact that it has the ability to activate mast cells and basophils

91
Q

IgE is _____% of total serum immunoglobulins

92
Q

the most heat-labile of all immunoglobulins

93
Q

heating to 56°C for between 30 minutes
and 3 hours results in conformational changes and loss of ability to bind to target cells; shortly after synthesis it attaches to basophils, Langerhans cells, eosinophils, and tissue mast cells

94
Q

induces type I immediate hypersensitivity or allergic reaction and mediates phagocytosis of parasites

95
Q

occurs when the body’s immune response encounters an antigen for the first time

A

primary antibody response

96
Q

primary response to an antigen takes _______ days before antibody can be detected

97
Q

primary response consists of approximately EQUAL amounts of IgM and IgG

98
Q

first antibody detected is?

99
Q

During the PRIMARY immune response, the body learns to RECOGNIZE the antigen, PRODUCE ANTIBODIES against the antigen, and INDUCE a
LONG-TERM MEMORY RESPONSE against the antigen

100
Q

this is enabled by the production of immune memory lymphocytes

A

memory induction

101
Q

response induced involved the activation of naive B-cells and naive T-cells

A

primary antibody response

102
Q

primary antibody response last about ___ days to resolve

103
Q

enumerate the phases in primary antibody response

A

lag phase, exponential phase, plateau phase, and decline phase

104
Q

also known as the latent phase

105
Q

phase of the initial exposure to the antigen

106
Q

leads to the activation of naive B-cells that
produce antibodies to counter the antigen

107
Q

this phase takes a week, activating the specialized B and T cells that come into contact with the antigen

108
Q

the phase of a rapid increase in antibody production by the differentiated plasma cells

A

exponential phase

109
Q

phase: increase in antibody production is because of the large number of plasma cells

A

exponential phase

110
Q

a steady phase where the antibody level
remains constant to maintain the levels of antibody replenishing and production. this means that the antibodies that get used up equal the antibodies that are produced

A

plateau phase

111
Q

this phase involves a decrease in antibody levels due to the decline in plasma cell numbers which are dying out of exhaustion of antibody production. during this phase, there are no new plasma cells being produced because the antigen or immunogen has been eliminated from the system

A

decline phase

112
Q

response to antigen occurs in a shorter time

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

113
Q

amount of IgM is similar to that of the primary response, whereas IgG may be up to one hundred times greater than that of the primary response

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

114
Q

this is the subsequent immune response after the primary immune response

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

115
Q

the response that occurs the second or third or fourth etc time the body encounters the same antigen it encountered during the primary response

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

116
Q

this response is mediated by the memory lymphocytes that were produced during the primary response

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

117
Q

in secondary antibody response, immediately after the same antigen is encountered the memory
lymphocytes induce the production of antibodies

118
Q

this response has a very short sharp lag phase which means that both lag and exponential phases take place at ago. the antibody production levels increase rapidly within a short period, normally within a few days

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

119
Q

this response is because of the antigen-specific memory T and B-cells produced during the primary response

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

120
Q

Because of the rapidity of the secondary response, the antigen gets eliminated as soon as it encounters the memory cells and before it can cause disease.

121
Q

The antibodies produced during this response remain circulating freely to ensure complete elimination of the antigen

A

secondary (anamnestic) antibody response

122
Q

Very specific antibody rising from a single plasma cell that has been cloned or duplicated

A

monoclonal antibody

123
Q

monoclonal antibody are discovered by

A

Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein

124
Q

Myeloma cells are cancerous plasma cells

125
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are made when a cancerous cell or myeloma is fused with an antibody-producing cell to form a ______

Immunology and Serology (3 decks)

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