Antibodies Flashcards
1
Q
antibodies is also known as?
A
immunoglobulins
2
Q
glycoproteins found in the serum portion of the blood, constitute approximately 20% of plasma
proteins in healthy individuals, composed of 86% to 98% polypeptide and 2% to 14% carbohydrate
A
immunoglobulins
3
Q
play an essential role in antigen recognition and in biological activities related to the immune response such as opsonization and complement activation
A
immunoglobulins
4
Q
immunoglobulins are divided into five major classes on the basis of a part of the molecule called the HEAVY chain, what are those five major classes?
A
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE
5
Q
immunoglobulin constitutes approx. ____% of plasma proteins in healthy individuals
A
20
6
Q
immunoglobulins are composed of __________%
polypeptide and _______% carbohydrate
A
86% to 98%
2% to 14%
7
Q
immunoglobulin consists of two large chains called?
A
heavy or H chain
light or L chain (2)
8
Q
each immunoglobulin chain has a SINGLE VARIABLE REGION (unique to each specific antibody) and ONE OR MORE CONSTANT regions
A
true
9
Q
immunoglobulin chains are held together by ______ and _______ interchain bridges
A
non-covalent forces
disulfide
10
Q
located at N terminus; unique to each specific antibody
A
variable region
11
Q
with same amino sequence
A
constant region
12
Q
cleaved IgG into 3 pieces
A
papain digestion
13
Q
Fc fragment is known as
A
fragment crystallizable
14
Q
spontaneously CRYSTALLIZED AT 4C, has NO ANTIGEN BINDING ABILITY, important in the EFFECTOR FUNCTIONS of Ig molecules (opsonization and complement fixation)
A
fragment crystallizable
15
Q
2 identical Fab fragments is known as
A
fragment antigen binding
16
Q
HAVE ANTIGEN-BINDING CAPACITY, consists of ONE L chain and ONE-HALF of an H chain held together by DISULFIDE bonding
A
fragment antigen binding
17
Q
cleaved IgG at the CARBOXYL-TERMINAL side of the interchain double bonds; F(ab’)2 and Fc (similar to
Fc except that it disintegrated into several smaller pieces)
A
pepsin digestion
18
Q
what are the two types of light chains
A
kappa chains and lambda chains
19
Q
region with the same sequence (L chain)
A
constant region
20
Q
amino-terminal end (L chain)
A
variable region
21
Q
60% of L chains are ______ chains?
A
kappa
22
Q
___% of L chains are Kappa chains because they are coded for first in DNA transcription of genes coding for antibody molecules
A
60
23
Q
the difference between kappa and lambda chains lies in the ______ substitutions at a few locations along the chain
A
amino acid
24
Q
there is no functional differences between the two types of light chains (kappa and lambda)
A
true
25
both types of L chain (kappa and lambda) are FOUND IN ALL FIVE CLASSES of immunoglobulins but ONLY ONE TYPE IS PRESENT IN GIVEN MOLECULE
true
26
in H chain, it is a location of the first approx. 110 amino acids at the AMINO-TERMINAL END
variable region
27
in H chain, it is a location of the remaining amino acids
constant region
28
in H chain, constant region can be divided into 3 or 4 constant regions with very similar sequences that is unique to each class and give each immunoglobulin type its name, what are these?
CH1, CH2, and CH3
29
has an γ H chain
IgG
30
has a μ chain
IgM
31
has an α chain
IgA
32
has a δ chain
IgD
33
has an ε chain
IgE
34
a unique amino acid sequence that is
common to all immunoglobulin molecules of a given class in a given species, determined by the heavy-chain constant region
isotype
35
there are five antibody isotypes that each have a unique heavy-chain constant region, enumerate.
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE
36
minor variations in isotype
allotypes
37
occur in the four IgG subclasses, in one IgA subclass, and in the κ L chain
allotypes
38
variable portions of each chain that are
unique to a specific antibody molecule, amino-terminal ends of both L and H chains serve as the ANTIGEN-RECOGNITION UNIT
idiotype
39
the segment of H chain located between the CH1 and CH2 regions
hinge region
40
hinge region has high content of ____ and HYDROPHOBIC RESIDUES
proline
41
chains that all have a hinge region
gamma, delta, and alpha
42
chains that has no hinge region
mu and epsilon
43
all types of immunoglobulins contain a CARBOHYDRATE PORTION, which is localized between the __________ domains of the two H chains
CH2
44
allows for flexibility
proline
45
lets the two antigen-binding sites operate independently and engage in an angular motion relative to each other and to the FC stem, assists in effector functions including initiation of the complement cascade and binding to cells with specific receptors for the Fc portion of the molecule
proline
46
increasing the solubility of immunoglobulin, providing protection against degradation, and enhancing functional activity of the FC domains
carbohydrate
47
predominant immunoglobulin in humans
IgG
48
IgG is _____% of total serum immunoglobulins
70-75
49
what is the half life of IgG
23 days
50
give the four major subclasses of IgG with its corresponding distribution
IgG1 - 66%
IgG2 - 23%
IgG3 - 7%
IgG4 - 4%
51
IgG subclasses differ mainly in the number and position of the disulfide bridges between the γ chains
true
52
all subclasses of IgG have the ability to cross the placenta except?
IgG2
53
In IgG, variability in the hinge region affects the ability to reach for antigen and the ability to initiate important biological functions such as complement activation
true
54
mediators of complement activation
IgG3, IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 (IgG3 being the most efficient, followed by IgG1)
55
the most efficient mediator of complement activation
IgG3
56
what re the main functions of IgG
(1) providing immunity for the newborn (IgG is the only antibody that can cross the placenta)
(2) fixing complement
(3) coating antigen for enhanced phagocytosis (opsonization)
(4) neutralizing toxins and viruses
(5) participating in agglutination and precipitation reactions
57
known as a macroglobulin because it has a sedimentation rate of 19 S, which represents a molecular weight of approximately 900,000
IgM
58
what is the sedimentation rate of IgM
19 S
59
what is the molecular weight of IgM
900,000
60
what is the half-life of IgM
6 days
61
IgM is ____% of all serum immunoglobulins
5% and 10%
62
assumes a STARLIKE pattern with 10 functional binding sites
IgM
63
found mainly in the intravascular pool because of its LARGE SIZE
IgM
64
known as the primary response antibody
IgM
65
it is the first to appear after antigenic stimulation and the first to appear in the maturing infant
IgM
66
synthesized only as long as antigen remains present because there are no memory cells for it
IgM
67
can be used to diagnose an acute infection, as its presence indicates a primary exposure to antigen
IgM
68
what are the 2 forms of IgM
pentamer and monomer
69
form of IgM found in serum, held by a J or JOINING CHAIN which serve as linkage points for disulfide bonds between 2 adjacent monomers, facilitates secretion as mucosal surfaces
pentamer
70
form of IgM present on the surface of B cells
monomer
71
what are the functions of IgM
(1) complement fixation
(2) agglutination
(3) opsonization
(4) toxin neutralization
72
what is the difference between IgG and IgM in terms of function
IgG can provide immunity, IgM dont
73
IgA represents ______% of all circulating immunoglobulin
10%-15%
74
appears as a monomer with a molecular weight of approximately 160,000, has a sedimentation coefficient of 7S
IgA
75
what is the sedimentation rate of IgA
7S
76
what is the molecular weight of IgA
160,000
77
what are the 2 subclasses of IgA
IgA1 and IgA2
78
has a SECRETORY COMPONENT that protects it from enzymatic digestion while it patrols mucosal surfaces
IgA
79
aggregation of immune complexes may trigger the
alternate complement pathway
IgA
80
is the predominant FORM in secretions at mucosal
surface
IgA2
81
form of IgA that is mainly found in serum
IgA1
82
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY agent because it downregulates IgG-mediated phagocytosis, chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and cytokine release
serum IgA
83
patrol mucosal surfaces and act as a first line of defense
serum IgA
84
plays an important role in neutralizing toxins produced by microorganisms and helps to prevent bacterial and viral adherence to mucosal surfaces
serum IgA
85
in breastmilk, this immunoglobulin maintain the health of newborns by passively transferring antibodies and greatly decreasing infant death from both respiratory and gastrointestinal infections
serum IgA
86
IgD represents less than ____% of total immunoglobulin
0.001
87
what is the half life of IgD
1 to 3 days
88
found on the surface of immunocompetent but unstimulated B lymphocytes
IgD
89
second type of immunoglobulin to appear (IgM being the first) and it may play a role in B-cell activation
IgD
90
best known for its very low concentration in serum and the fact that it has the ability to activate mast cells and basophils
IgE
91
IgE is _____% of total serum immunoglobulins
0.0005
92
the most heat-labile of all immunoglobulins
IgE
93
heating to 56°C for between 30 minutes
and 3 hours results in conformational changes and loss of ability to bind to target cells; shortly after synthesis it attaches to basophils, Langerhans cells, eosinophils, and tissue mast cells
IgE
94
induces type I immediate hypersensitivity or allergic reaction and mediates phagocytosis of parasites
IgE
95
occurs when the body’s immune response encounters an antigen for the first time
primary antibody response
96
primary response to an antigen takes _______ days before antibody can be detected
5 to 7
97
primary response consists of approximately EQUAL amounts of IgM and IgG
true
98
first antibody detected is?
IgM
99
During the PRIMARY immune response, the body learns to RECOGNIZE the antigen, PRODUCE ANTIBODIES against the antigen, and INDUCE a
LONG-TERM MEMORY RESPONSE against the antigen
true
100
this is enabled by the production of immune memory lymphocytes
memory induction
101
response induced involved the activation of naive B-cells and naive T-cells
primary antibody response
102
primary antibody response last about ___ days to resolve
14
103
enumerate the phases in primary antibody response
lag phase, exponential phase, plateau phase, and decline phase
104
also known as the latent phase
lag phase
105
phase of the initial exposure to the antigen
lag phase
106
leads to the activation of naive B-cells that
produce antibodies to counter the antigen
lag phase
107
this phase takes a week, activating the specialized B and T cells that come into contact with the antigen
lag phase
108
the phase of a rapid increase in antibody production by the differentiated plasma cells
exponential phase
109
phase: increase in antibody production is because of the large number of plasma cells
exponential phase
110
a steady phase where the antibody level
remains constant to maintain the levels of antibody replenishing and production. this means that the antibodies that get used up equal the antibodies that are produced
plateau phase
111
this phase involves a decrease in antibody levels due to the decline in plasma cell numbers which are dying out of exhaustion of antibody production. during this phase, there are no new plasma cells being produced because the antigen or immunogen has been eliminated from the system
decline phase
112
response to antigen occurs in a shorter time
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
113
amount of IgM is similar to that of the primary response, whereas IgG may be up to one hundred times greater than that of the primary response
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
114
this is the subsequent immune response after the primary immune response
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
115
the response that occurs the second or third or fourth etc time the body encounters the same antigen it encountered during the primary response
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
116
this response is mediated by the memory lymphocytes that were produced during the primary response
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
117
in secondary antibody response, immediately after the same antigen is encountered the memory
lymphocytes induce the production of antibodies
true
118
this response has a very short sharp lag phase which means that both lag and exponential phases take place at ago. the antibody production levels increase rapidly within a short period, normally within a few days
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
119
this response is because of the antigen-specific memory T and B-cells produced during the primary response
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
120
Because of the rapidity of the secondary response, the antigen gets eliminated as soon as it encounters the memory cells and before it can cause disease.
true
121
The antibodies produced during this response remain circulating freely to ensure complete elimination of the antigen
secondary (anamnestic) antibody response
122
Very specific antibody rising from a single plasma cell that has been cloned or duplicated
monoclonal antibody
123
monoclonal antibody are discovered by
Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein
124
Myeloma cells are cancerous plasma cells
true
125
Monoclonal antibodies are made when a cancerous cell or myeloma is fused with an antibody-producing cell to form a ______
hybridoma
