AntiFungals Flashcards

1
Q

3 Forms of Fungi

A
  1. Yeast (Ex. Candidia)
  2. Dimorphic fungi (Ex. histoplasmosis)
  3. Molds (Ex. Aspergillus)
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2
Q

Antifungal medications

A
  1. Azoles
    - Clotrimazole
    - fluconazole
    - ketoconazole
    - miconazole
    - terconazole
    - efinaconazole
  2. Polyenes
    - Nystatin
  3. Other
    - Terbinafine
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3
Q

Azoles
Mechanism of action

A

Inhibition CYP450

Inhibit synthesis of ergosterol (required for cell membrane)

Disrupt fungal cell membrane

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4
Q

Polyene
Mechanism of action

A

Binds to ergosterol and disrupts the fungal cell membrane

Fungal cell membrane leaks cations (potassium)

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5
Q

SE of Azoles

A

Prolonged QT interval

Cardiac suppression (Fatal - Irtaconazole)

Hepatic necrosis (Fatal - Ketoconazole)

Stephen Johnsons Syndrome, hypersensitivities

Nausea, vomiting, HA, visual disturbances

Rashes, topical irritation and erythema

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6
Q

Azole contraindications

A

Cardiac disease (QT interval, Irtaconozole - cardiac supression)

Liver disease (Ketoconazole)

Pregnancy (Avoid systemic antifungals)

Do not breast feed on ketoconazole due to hepatotoxicity

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7
Q

Azole Drug interactions

A

Inhibits CYP3A4
- phenytoin, carbamazepine, warfarin, digoxin toxicity

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8
Q

Azole Monitoring

A

Assess for
- pregnancy
- liver disease
- cardiac disease

Pre-monitoring
- Liver enzymes
- ECG for QT interval (or QT prolonging drugs)

Education
- Monitor for S&S of liver failure, rash/SJS,

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9
Q

Azole coverage

A

Systemic and superficial mycoses infections

Ketoconazole - systemic mycoses in patients not tolerant of amphotericin B

Fluconazole - candidiasis, histoplasmosis (yeast and dimorphic)

Irtaconazole - aspergillus, histoplasmosis/blastomycosis (molds and dimorphic)

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10
Q

Polyene antibiotics

A

Nystatin PO

Amphotericin B (IV)

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11
Q

Amphotericin B mechanism of action

A

Binds ergosterol
disrupts fungal cell membrane, leaks

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12
Q

Amphotericin B SE

A

All patients experience

  1. Infusion reactions
    - Fever, chills, nausea, HA

Pre-treatment with : diphenhydramine and tylenol

  1. Renal toxicity
    - Total dosage < 4g

Pre-treatment with:
1L NS during infusion

  1. Bone marrow supression

*Stays in body years later

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13
Q

Amphotericin B pre-treatment and monitoring

A

CBC
WBC
CrCl and BUN

SE:
- Bone marrow suppression
- renal toxicity

Acetaminophen
1L NS

SE:
Infusion reaction rigors, fever, HA and nephrotoxicity

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14
Q

Alternative prescription if the patient does not tolerate amphotericin

A

Ketoconazole PO
Monitor for fatal hepatotoxicity

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15
Q

Amphotericin B drug interactions and contraindications

A

Caution in prescribing nephrotoxic drugs

  • NSAIDS
  • glucocorticoids/cyclosporins
  • nephrotoxic antibiotics (Ex. vancomycin, aminoglycosides (tobramycin, gentamycin, amikacin, etc.)
  • MRI/CT contrast agents
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16
Q

Which anti-fungal medication is given only in life threatening situations

A

Amphotericin B

17
Q

Why do Azoles have more SE than terbinifine ?

A

Azoles bind ergosterol which is similar in structure to cholesterol

Inhibits CYP450

Eukaryotic cell is similar to the human cell (cholesterol and CYP450)

18
Q

Examples Yeast Infections

A

Candidia

Dermatophyte (Tinea = ring worm)

19
Q

Different locations of Tinea infections

A

Tinea corpus (body)

Tinea capitus (hair/scalp)

Tinea onychomycosis (nails)

Tinea pedis (foot)

Tinea Versicolour (body)

Tinea Cruris (Jock)

20
Q

Terbinafine mechanism of action

A

Inhibits squaline epoxide

accumulation of squaline in the fungal cells results in cell death

*less SE

21
Q

Terbinafine SE

A

Hepatotoxicity

HA, N/V, GI upset, Rash

Sensory disturbances - smell, taste, hearing

22
Q

Which Tinea infections require systemic vs. topical treatments

A

Tinea capitus (scalp)

Tinea Onychomycoses (nails)

Treatment:
Oral terbinafine
Oral griseofulvin

23
Q

Griseofulvin mechanism of action

A

deposits in kerokinocytes of hair and nails

inhibits microtubules and mitosis

hair and nails grows in resistant to fungus

24
Q

Nystatin mechanism of action

A

Polyene anti-fungal

Binds to ergosterol and disrupts fungal cell membrane

*Not absorbed systemically

25
Why is Nystatin not as effective
Only targets candidia Not absorbed systemically
26
Nystatin spectrum
Candidia
27
Azole spectrum
Yeast Dimorphic fungi - Fluconazole - ketoconazole Molds - ketoconazole - irtaconazole
28
Amphotericin B spectrum
Yeast Dimorphic fungi Molds Systemic infections, life threatening
29
SE Nystatin
GI Upset in high dosages
30
What is Gentian Violet
Caution patients Known to cause cancer Naturalist solution to fungal infection
31
Yeast infection transmission
- mastitis - oral thrush in newborns - STI