antibodies and antigens

Question 1

define immunogenicity

Answer 1

properties that promote an immune response

Question 2

what do adjuvants do

Answer 2

they promote immunogenicity by prolonging retention so that a more vigorous immune resposne occures

Question 3

what are some common adjuvants

Answer 3

alum mineral oil and lipids

Question 4

what is antigenicity

Answer 4

properties that allow a substance to react with an antibody

Question 5

what are haptens

Answer 5

small mocelcusel that cannot unduce antibody formation but can react with antibody that it is specif for therfore it is a antigen but not a immunogen an example is penicillin that cannot elicit an response by itself but can when bound to albumin

Question 6

what makes a immunigen work better

Answer 6

laerger size, more complex, degradability, foreignness, and access to binding sites.

Question 7

what are the two types of determinants/ epitopes

Answer 7

linear and conformational

Question 8

what type of determinant can recognized by T lymphocytes

Answer 8

only linear epitopes or determinants

Question 9

where can you find antibodies

Answer 9

surface of b lymphocytes, blood plasma, surface of mast cells and in milk and mucas

Question 10

what is the difference between poly-clonal antiserum and monoclonal

Answer 10

monoclonal has antibodies that all bind on specific antigen whereas polyclonal bind multiple antigens

Question 11

be able to read an antibody titer

Answer 11

recipricle of the last dilution of antiserum that still yeilds demonstrable amounts so 32 not 1/32

Question 12

into what band do antibodies separate in electrophoretically separated serum

Answer 12

the gamma band hence gamma globulins

Question 13

what is the basic structure of an antibody and what holds the chains together

Answer 13

two heavy and two light chains held with disulfide bonds

Question 14

what reagion form s the antigen binding site

Answer 14

the variable region not the constant region

Question 15

what are the two parts of the variable region and what part forms the binding surface

Answer 15

the hyper-variable region and the framework region and the hyper region forms the binding sites

Question 16

what types of antibodies have a j chain and what does it do

Answer 16

it allows fomation of Igm pentamers and IgA dimers

Question 17

what type of cell secretes antibodies and what does it develop from

Answer 17

plasma cells secrete and come from B cells

Question 18

what antibodies have a hing regions

Answer 18

IgG IgA and IgD

Question 19

what happends when antibodies are cleaved with pepsin and papain

Answer 19

pepsin leaves a single FAB with two binding sites and no Fc whereas Papian leave two fabs with one antigen site each and one Fc fragment

Question 20

what are the characteristics of IgA

Answer 20

15 percent of serum, mucosal immunity, found in tears saliva milk, j chain dimers, helps in worms

Question 21

how is IgA transported to mucosal cells

Answer 21

coupled with a secretory piece to protect from cleavage and glue to mucas

Question 22

what are the characteristics of IgE

Answer 22

monomer, less than 2 percent, worms, mediates allergies and anaphylaits basophils and mast cells

Question 23

what are the characteristics of IgD

Answer 23

low concentration, found mostly on B lymphocytes, helps with antigen driven b cell activation

Question 24

know the difference between affinity and avidity

Answer 24

avidity is the number of antigens that can bind and affinity how well they bind

Question 25

what do allotypes code for

Answer 25

the constant region

Question 26

what is the idiotype

Answer 26

the collection of hypervariable regions made of heavy and light chains making the antigen binding site