antibodies and antigens Flashcards
define immunogenicity
properties that promote an immune response
what do adjuvants do
they promote immunogenicity by prolonging retention so that a more vigorous immune resposne occures
what are some common adjuvants
alum mineral oil and lipids
what is antigenicity
properties that allow a substance to react with an antibody
what are haptens
small mocelcusel that cannot unduce antibody formation but can react with antibody that it is specif for therfore it is a antigen but not a immunogen an example is penicillin that cannot elicit an response by itself but can when bound to albumin
what makes a immunigen work better
laerger size, more complex, degradability, foreignness, and access to binding sites.
what are the two types of determinants/ epitopes
linear and conformational
what type of determinant can recognized by T lymphocytes
only linear epitopes or determinants
where can you find antibodies
surface of b lymphocytes, blood plasma, surface of mast cells and in milk and mucas
what is the difference between poly-clonal antiserum and monoclonal
monoclonal has antibodies that all bind on specific antigen whereas polyclonal bind multiple antigens
be able to read an antibody titer
recipricle of the last dilution of antiserum that still yeilds demonstrable amounts so 32 not 1/32
into what band do antibodies separate in electrophoretically separated serum
the gamma band hence gamma globulins
what is the basic structure of an antibody and what holds the chains together
two heavy and two light chains held with disulfide bonds
what reagion form s the antigen binding site
the variable region not the constant region
what are the two parts of the variable region and what part forms the binding surface
the hyper-variable region and the framework region and the hyper region forms the binding sites
what types of antibodies have a j chain and what does it do
it allows fomation of Igm pentamers and IgA dimers
what type of cell secretes antibodies and what does it develop from
plasma cells secrete and come from B cells
what antibodies have a hing regions
IgG IgA and IgD
what happends when antibodies are cleaved with pepsin and papain
pepsin leaves a single FAB with two binding sites and no Fc whereas Papian leave two fabs with one antigen site each and one Fc fragment
what are the characteristics of IgA
15 percent of serum, mucosal immunity, found in tears saliva milk, j chain dimers, helps in worms
how is IgA transported to mucosal cells
coupled with a secretory piece to protect from cleavage and glue to mucas
what are the characteristics of IgE
monomer, less than 2 percent, worms, mediates allergies and anaphylaits basophils and mast cells
what are the characteristics of IgD
low concentration, found mostly on B lymphocytes, helps with antigen driven b cell activation
know the difference between affinity and avidity
avidity is the number of antigens that can bind and affinity how well they bind
what do allotypes code for
the constant region
what is the idiotype
the collection of hypervariable regions made of heavy and light chains making the antigen binding site
