Antibiotics/Resistance

Question 1

Natural penicillins

Answer 1

Penicillin V and Penicillin G
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
Narrow spectrum of activity, GPs other than staph and some GNs
Breaks down beta lactam structures and bactericidal
Allergic reactions are common side effect

Question 2

Synthetic penicillins

Answer 2

Methicillin, oxacillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and piperacillin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Broader spectrum of activity than natural penicillin, GPs (not MRSA) and GNs
Breaks down beta lactam structures, bactericidal
Drug class of choice for staph infections
Penicillinase-resistant penicillin drugs are oxacillin, methicillin, nafcillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin

Question 3

Cephalosporins

Answer 3

Cephalexin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, and cefepime
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
GPs and GNs, each generation has broader spectrum of activity than the previous
Breaks down beta lactam structures, bactericidal

Question 4

Carbapenems

Answer 4

Imipenem
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
GPs and GNs, including Ps. aeruginosa and anaerobes, but not MRSA and VRE
Breaks down beta lactam structures, bactericidal

Question 5

Monobactams

Answer 5

Aztreonam
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
P. aeruginosa and other GNR, low activity against GPs and anaerobes
Breaks down beta lactam structures, bactericidal

Question 6

Glycopeptides

Answer 6

Vancomycin
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
GPs, drug of choice for MRSA
Some stains of Enterococcus are now resistant (VRE)
Bactericidal, used for serious infections

Question 7

Macrolides

Answer 7

Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Inhibits protein synthesis
GPs and some GNs, intracellular organisms, atypical mycobacteria
Bacteriostatic

Question 8

Tetracyclines

Answer 8

Tetracycline, doxycycline
Inhibits protein synthesis
GPs and GNs, intracellular organisms, spirochetes, MRSA, VRE
Bacteriostatic, used less often than beta lactams
Not given to children or pregnant women due to staining of teeth and abnormal bone growth

Question 9

Aminoglycosides

Answer 9

Gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin
Inhibits protein synthesis
Used primarily for GNs, ineffective against anaerobes
Bactericidal
Toxic to kidneys and ears, only used to treat serious GN infections

Question 10

Sulfonamides

Answer 10

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), trimethoprim (TMP)
Inhibits folic acid synthesis
Broad spectrum of activity against Enterobacteriaceae
Bacteriostatic, used primarily for UTI

Question 11

Quinolones

Answer 11

Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin
Inhibits DNA synthesis
Broad spectrum
Used to treat serious infections, bactericidal
Ciprofloxacin used for anthrax

Question 12

Penicillin

Answer 12

Widely used antibiotic that is effective in killing bacteria
Relatively safe and have low toxicity
Anaphylaxis is the only serious adverse effect