Antibiotics COPY Flashcards
Colour of staining of bacteria:
- gram positive
- gram negative
- gram positive -> purple
- gram - negative -> pink
Important gram positive cocci
- general names (x2)
- examples (x2 each group)
- Staphylococcus
- S aureus*
- S* epidermidis
- Steptococcus
- S* pyogenes
- S* pneumoniae
Important gram positive rods
- general name (1)
- example (1)
Gram +ive rods
Clostridia
- C difficile
Important gram negative cocci
- general names (1)
- examples (2)
Gram negative cocci
- Neisseria*
- N meningitidis
- N gonnorhoea*
Important gram negative rods
- general names (6)
Gram negative rods
- E coli
- Proteus*
- Klebsiella*
- Pseudomonas*
- Salmonella*
- Haemophilus (e.g.H influenza B)*
Forms of Haemophilus (2)
example of conditions they cause
- capsulated (much more pathogenic e.g. acute epiglottitis)
- non- capsulated (colonise lungs)
*Haemophilus B capsulated -> we can vaccinate against it -> so we can prevent epiglottitis
Example of anaerobic bacteria (1)
Location of it
Anaerobic
Strep faecalis
it survives in the gut
What bacteria is likely to cause this (picture)?
Staphylococcus Aureus
What bacteria is likely to cause this (picture)?
Streptococcus Pyogenes
*bacteria arranged in chains
What bacteria is it caused by? (picture)
Neisseria meningitidis
*polymorphic nuclei of the cells
* gram-negative intracellular diplococci = Neisseria
What bacteria is it caused by? (picture)
*this pt has a Hospital acquired infection - pt was ventilated at ITU then went to the ward
Staphylococcus Aureus
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
*it’s a mix infection
What bacteria is it caused by? (picture)
E. Coli
What organism is likely to cause this? (picture)
Candida Albicans
*fungus - branches/trees - like visible on microscopy
‘normal’/community-acquired pneumonia
- history/presentation
- likely organism
History: productive/ green cough, fever, pleuritic chest pain; lobar consolidation
Organism: Strep pneumonia (90% pneumococcus)
* 5-10 % atypical organisms
Atypical pneumonia
- features/ clinical picture
- what does it look like on chest x ray?
- likely organisms (4)
Atypical pneumonia
A. Features:
- dry, non-productive cough
- headache
- myalgia
- fever
B. CXR: lots of consolidation, sometimes on both sides, not confined to one side
C. Organisms:
- coxiella burnetii
- mycoplasma pneumonia*
- chlamydia* pneumoniae
- legionella*
Antibiotics for young and fit person with community-acquired pneumonia
Amoxicillin (penicillin) + Macrolide
*this is to cover pneumococcus and atypical organisms
Cigarette smoker with mucociliary function impaired and repeated chest infections
- what organism may colonise that person and cause chest infections?
Organisms:
- Haemophilus
- Pseudomonas (if bronchiectasis and repeated chest infections)
*these are nasty infections, multi-drug resistant
Just look at the picture
Aspiration pneumonia
- examples of patients at risk
- organisms causing it
- antibiotic used
Aspiration pneumonia
Patients at risk: patients who vomit and inhale -> epileptic/fitting, alcoholics, stroke
Organisms: anaerobes
Antibiotics: metronidazole
Patients who are at risk of pneumonia caused by TB
- HIV/ immunosuppressed
- people from Sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia; Eastern Europe, India
Organisms causing UTI
UTI
- gram negatives
- catheter: staphs, candida
-
Abdominal infections (bowel)
- what organisms cause it
small bowel -> sterile
large bowel -> gram negatives + anaerobes
*therefore small bowel operations are separated from large bowel (on the surgeries list - small bowel operations will be first on the list)
Meningitis
What are likely organisms causing it (according to the group)?
A. normal/ adults
B. kids <5
C. neonates
Meningitis
Adults: N. meningitidis + Strep pneumoniae
Kids <5: Haemophilus
Neonates: group B Streptococcus, gram negatives, Listeria, HSV
presentation of meningitis:
A. adults
B. neonates
A. Adult: photophobia, neck stiffness, headache, fever
B. Newborn: cry, fever*
*a lot of meningitis happen in neonates presenting with cry and fever (as possible meningitis)
