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LCRS Pharm > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What do sulphonamides inhibit?

A

Dihydropterate synthase (part of nucleic acid synthesis)

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2
Q

What does Trimethoprim inhibit?

A

Dihydrofolate reductase

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3
Q

What do fluoroquinolones inhibit?

A

DNA gyrase

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4
Q

What does Rifamycin inhibit?

A

RNA polymerase

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5
Q

What do macrolides inhibit?

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

What does chloramphenicol inhibit?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

What do tetracyclines inhibit?

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

What do aminoglycosides inhibit?

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

Give an example of a fluoroquinolone

A

Ciprofloxacin

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10
Q

Give an example of combination treatment

A

Co-trimoxazole; combo of sulphonamide and trimethoprim

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11
Q

Give an example of a macrolide

A

Erythromycin

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12
Q

Give an example of an aminoglycoside

A

Gentamycin

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13
Q

Which class of antibiotics does erythromycin come under?

A

Macrolide

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14
Q

Which class of antibiotics does gentamycin come under?

A

Aminoglycosides

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15
Q

Which class of antibiotics does Ciprofloxacin come under?

A

Fluoroquinolones

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16
Q

What inhibits RNA polymerase?

A

Rifamycin

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17
Q

What inhibits DNA gyrase? Give an example

A

Fluoroquinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin

18
Q

What else do fluoroquinolones inhibit?

A

Topoisomerase 4

19
Q

What is rifamycin used for and what does it inhibit?

A

RNA polymerase; used for TB

20
Q

What inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

Glycopeptides

21
Q

What transports peptidoglycan across the cell membrane?

A

Bactoprenol

22
Q

What inhibits bactoprenol?

A

Bacitracin

23
Q

What inhibits transpeptidase?

A

Beta lactam antibiotics

24
Q

Name 3 beta lactam antibiotics

A

Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Penicillin

25
Q

How do beta lactams bind to transpeptidase?

A

They bind covalently to transpeptidase

26
Q

Name an antibiotic that disrupts the cell wall of gram positive bacteria

A

Lipopeptides

27
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic which disrupts Gram negative cell membranes and state how they work

A

Polymyxins - bind to LPS

28
Q

Name four causes of antibiotic resistance

A

Over-prescription
Lack of regulation
Livestock forming
Lack of development of new antibiotics

29
Q

List the five types of resistance

A 
Destruction enzymes
Additional targets
Hyperproduction of target enzyme 
Changes to target 
Alteration in drug permeation
30
Q

Give an examples of hyperproduction of the target enzymes

A

Trimethoprim - increased DHF reductase production by E.coli

31
Q

Give examples of additional targets being produced by bacteria

A

Different DHF reductase production by E.coli

32
Q

Give examples of destruction enzymes being produced by bacteria

A

Beta lactamases - hydrolyse the C-N bond of the beta lactam ring

33
Q

Give examples of changes to target enzymes and a bacterium which does this

A

Changes to DNA gyrase
e.g. Staph aureus has a mutation in its topoisomerase enzyme at the Par C region and is therefore resistant to quinolones

34
Q

Give an example of alterations to drug permeation

A

Increased efflux mechanisms

Decreased aquaporins

35
Q

Which group of bacteria have developed resistance via altering drug permeation?

A

Gram negative bacteria

36
Q

What are the two types of drugs used to treat fungal infections?

A

Azoles

Polyenes

37
Q

How do azoles work?

A

They inhibit the enzymes involved in membrane ergosterol synthesis

38
Q

Give an example of an azole

A

Fluconazole

39
Q

How do polyenes work?

A

They bind to ergosterol and create pores

40
Q

Give an example of a polyene

A

Amphotericin

LCRS Pharm (6 decks)

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